Title of Rule: Shipbuilding, ship repairing and shipbreaking, chapter 296-304 WAC.

     Purpose: The purpose of this rule making is to make technical and typographical changes to the Washington Industrial Safety and Health Act's (WISHA) shipbuilding, ship repairing and shipbreaking rules (chapter 296-304 WAC) in response to the Occupational Safety and Health Administration's rule on Occupational Safety and Health Standards for Shipyard Employment, 29 C.F.R. Part 1915, which were effective July 3, 2002.

     These changes are necessary to:

•     Make the rule at-least-as-effective-as OSHA; and

•     Make necessary housekeeping changes.

     Other Identifying Information: WAC 296-304-01001 Definitions.

•     In the definition of body belt, add the following language, "Body belts must be at least one and five-eighths inches (4.13cm) wide."

•     In the definition of Portable Unfired Pressure Vessel -- changed ICC to Department of Transportation.

WAC 296-304-01003 Reference specifications, standards, and codes.

•     Update the year of the United States of America Standard Safety Code for Portable Wood Ladders from "1959" to "1975."

•     Update the year of the United States of America Standard Safety Code for Portable Metal Ladders from "1956" to "1972."

WAC 296-304-02007 Hot work.

•     Made grammatical changes and update metric unit measurements.

WAC 296-304-02009 Maintenance of safe conditions

•     In subsection (3), replace "is" with "are."

WAC 296-304-03007 Painting.

•     In subsection (2)(b), replace "rises above" with "reaches or exceeds."

WAC 296-304-04001 Ventilation and protection in welding, cutting and heating.

•     In subsections (4)(a)(ii) and (5)(b), replace "WAC 296-304-09001 (1) and (3)" with "Table I-1A & B (see below)."

•     Moved Table I-1A -- Filter lenses for protection against radiant energy and Table I-1B -- Filter lenses for protection against radiant energy, from WAC 296-304-07013 to the end of this WAC section.

WAC 296-304-05001 Scaffolds or staging.

•     In subsection (4)(i), replace "siderails" with "side rails."

•     In subsection (5)(h), replace "men" with "persons."

•     In subsection (5)(k)(ii), change "WAC 296-304-07013" to "WAC 296-304-07011."

•     In subsection (9)(c), change "WAC 296-304-09007(2)" to "WAC 296-304-09021(2)" and change "WAC 296-304-09007(9)" to "WAC 296-304-09017(1)."

WAC 296-304-05003 Ladders.

•     In subsection (1)(f), change "A14.1" to "A14."

WAC 296-304-05005 Guarding of deck openings and edges.

•     In subsection (4) change "WAC 296-304-09007(1)" to "WAC 296-304-09017(1)" and change "work vests" to "personal flotation devices." The new language will read "When employees are working near the unguarded edges of decks of vessels afloat, they shall be protected by a buoyant personal flotation device, meeting the requirements of WAC 296-304-09017(1)."

WAC 296-304-05009 Access to and guarding of dry docks and marine railings.

•     In the title, change "railings" to "railways."

•     In subsection (4) change "mid rail" to "midrail."

•     In subsection (5) change "men" to "employees."

WAC 296-304-05013 Working surfaces.

•     In subsection (4) change "WAC 296-304-09007(1)" to "WAC 296-304-09017(1)."

WAC 296-304-06003 Illumination.

•     In subsection (5) add "(i)" to "WAC 296-304-02005."

WAC 296-304-07009 Hoisting and hauling equipment.

•     In subsection (4) change "either" to "whether."

WAC 296-304-07011 Use of gear.

•     In subsection (13) change "unshipped" to "moving."

•     Moved Tables E-1, E-2, E-3, E-4, G-1, G-2, G-3, G-4, G-5, G-6, G-7, G-8, G-9, and G-10 from WAC 296-304-07013 to the end of this WAC section.

WAC 296-304-07013 Qualifications of operators.

•     Moved Tables E-1, E-2, E-3, E-4, G-1, G-2, G-3, G-4, G-5, G-6, G-7, G-8, G-9, and G-10 from this WAC to the end of WAC 296-304-07011.

•     In Table E-1, Table E-3 and Table G-9, made grammatical changes.

WAC 296-304-08001 General precautions.

•     In subsection (7) change "manifold" to "manifolds."

WAC 296-304-09017 Lifesaving equipment.

•     In the personal flotation devices (PFD) section, the language was clarified regarding the type of PFD used and how it needs to be approved and marked.

•     In subsection (2)(d), update metric unit measurements.

    
WAC 296-304-09021 Personal fall arrest systems.

•     In subsections (1)(c) and (h), (2)(b), (c) and (d), the note, and subsection (2)(g), update metric unit measurements.

•     In subsection (3)(a), add "less than." The new language will read "If the maximum free fall distance is less than 20 inches, the attachment point may be located in the chest position."

WAC 296-304-09023 Positioning device systems.

•     In subsections (1)(b), (2)(a), (b)(i) and (ii), update metric unit measurements.

WAC 296-304-10003 Ship's piping systems.

•     In subsection (2), add "the." The new language will read, "Drain connections to the atmosphere on all of the dead interconnecting system shall be opened for visual observation of drainage."

WAC 296-304-10007 Ship's deck machinery.

•     In subsection (1)(a), add "(also known as chain toppers)." The new language will read, "The devil claws (also known as chain toppers) shall be made fast to the anchor chains.

     Statutory Authority for Adoption: RCW 49.17.010, [49.17].040, [49.17].050, [49.17].060.

     Statute Being Implemented: Chapter 49.17 RCW.

     Summary: The Occupational Safety and Health Administration (OSHA) adopted new rules in the Occupational Safety and Health Standards for Shipyard Employment, 29 C.F.R. Part 1915, which were effective July 3, 2002. OSHA's rule made technical amendments and corrections to various sections within 29 C.F.R. Part 1915. Changes made in OSHA's rule making were not substantive. The Washington Industrial Safety and Health Act's (WISHA) rule proposes the changes made from OSHA's rule making, as well as correcting other typographical errors.

     Reasons Supporting Proposal: The Washington Industrial Safety and Health Act's (WISHA) rules are required to be at-least-as-effective-as the Occupational Safety and Health Administration's (OSHA) rules. This rule making is required for effectiveness.

     Name of Agency Personnel Responsible for Drafting: Tracy Spencer, Tumwater, (360) 902-5530; Implementation and Enforcement: Michael A. Silverstein, Tumwater, (360) 902-5495.

     Name of Proponent: Department of Social and Health Services, governmental.

     Rule is necessary because of federal law, 29 C.F.R. Part 1915 - Federal Register Vol. 67, Number 128.

     Explanation of Rule, its Purpose, and Anticipated Effects: The Occupational Safety and Health Administration (OSHA) adopted new rules in the Occupational Safety and Health Standards for Shipyard Employment, 29 C.F.R. Part 1915, which were effective July 3, 2002. OSHA's rule made technical amendments and corrections to various sections within 29 C.F.R. Part 1915. Changes made in OSHA's rule making were not substantive. The Washington Industrial Safety and Health Act's (WISHA) rule proposes the changes made from OSHA's rule making, as well as correcting other typographical errors.

     There are no changes in requirements therefore the anticipated effect is minimal.

     Proposal Changes the Following Existing Rules: All changes proposed with this rule making are technical corrections and typographical changes.

     For example:

     WAC 296-304-03007 Painting.

     All respirators required by this section must meet the requirements of chapter 296-62 WAC, Part E.

     (b) If the ventilation fails or if the concentration of solvent vapors rises above reaches or exceeds ten percent of the lower explosive limit, painting shall be stopped and the compartment shall be evacuated until the concentration again falls below ten percent of the lower explosive limit. If the concentration does not fall when painting is stopped, additional ventilation to bring the concentration down to ten percent of the lower explosive limit shall be provided.

     WAC 296-304-05001 Scaffolds or staging.

     (5) Painters' suspended scaffolds.

     (h) No more than two men persons shall be permitted to work at one time on a swinging scaffold built to the minimum specifications contained in this section. Where heavier construction is used, the number of men persons permitted to work on the scaffold shall be determined by the size and the safe working load of the scaffold.

October 22, 2002

Gary Moore

Director

OTS-5927.2

AMENDATORY SECTION(Amending WSR 98-02-006, filed 12/26/97, effective 3/1/98)

WAC 296-304-01001   Definitions.   "Anchorage" - A secure point to attach lifelines, lanyards, or deceleration devices.

     "Body belt" - A strap with means to both secure it around the waist and to attach it to a lanyard, lifeline, or deceleration device. Body belts may be used only in fall restraint or positioning device systems and may not be used for fall arrest. Body belts must be at least one and five-eighths inches (4.13 cm) wide.

     "Body harness" - Straps to secure around an employee so that fall arrest forces are distributed over at least the thighs, shoulders, chest and pelvis with means to attach it to other components of a personal fall arrest system.

     "Cold-work" - Work that does not involve riveting, welding, burning, or other fire-producing or spark-producing operations.

     "Competent person" - A person who can recognize and evaluate employee exposure to hazardous substances or to other unsafe conditions and can specify the necessary protection and precautions necessary to ensure the safety of employees as required by these standards.

     "Confined space" - A small compartment with limited access such as a double bottom tank, cofferdam, or other small, confined space that can readily create or aggravate a hazardous exposure.

     "Connector" - A device used to connect parts of a personal fall arrest system or parts of a positioning device system together. It may be:

     • An independent component of the system (such as a carabiner); or

     • An integral component of part of the system (such as a buckle or D-ring sewn into a body belt or body harness or a snaphook spliced or sewn to a lanyard or self-retracting lanyard).

     "Deceleration device" - A mechanism, such as a rope grab, rip stitch lanyard, specially woven lanyard, tearing or deforming lanyard, or automatic self-retracting lifeline/lanyard, that serves to dissipate a substantial amount of energy during a fall arrest, or to limit the energy imposed on an employee during fall arrest.

     "Deceleration distance" - The additional vertical distance a falling employee travels, excluding lifeline elongation and free fall distance, before stopping, from the point at which the deceleration device begins to operate. It is measured from the location of an employee's body belt or body harness attachment point at the moment of activation (at the onset of fall arrest forces) of the deceleration device during a fall, to the location of that attachment point after the employee comes to a full stop.

     "Director" - The director of the department of labor and industries or a designated representative.

     "Employee" - Any person engaged in ship repairing, ship building, or ship breaking or related employment as defined in these standards.

     "Employer" - An employer with employees who are employed, in whole or in part, in ship repair, ship building and ship breaking, or related employment as defined in these standards.

     "Enclosed space" - A space, other than a confined space, that is enclosed by bulkheads and overhead. It includes cargo holds, tanks, quarters, and machinery and boiler spaces.

     "Equivalent" - Alternative designs, materials, or methods to protect against a hazard which the employer can demonstrate will provide an equal or greater degree of safety for employees than the method or item specified in the standard.

     "Free fall" - To fall before a personal fall arrest system begins to apply force to arrest the fall.

     "Free fall distance" - The vertical displacement of the fall arrest attachment point on the employee's body harness between onset of the fall and just before the system begins to apply force to arrest the fall. This distance excludes deceleration distance, and lifeline/lanyard elongation, but includes any deceleration device slide distance or self-retracting lifeline/lanyard extension before the device operates and fall arrest forces occur.

     "Gangway" - A ramp-like or stair-like means to board or leave a vessel including accommodation ladders, gangplanks and brows.

     "Hazardous substance" - A substance likely to cause injury because it is explosive, flammable, poisonous, corrosive, oxidizing, irritant, or otherwise harmful.

     "Hot-work" - Riveting, welding, burning or other fire or spark producing operations.

     "Lanyard" - A flexible line of rope, wire rope, or strap which generally has a connector at each end for connecting the body belt or body harness to a deceleration device, lifeline, or anchorage.

     "Lifeline" - A component consisting of a flexible line to connect to an anchorage at one end to hang vertically (vertical lifeline), or to connect to anchorages at both ends to stretch horizontally (horizontal lifeline), and which serves as a means for connecting other components of a personal fall arrest system to the anchorage.

     "Lower levels" - Those areas or surfaces to which an employee can fall. Such areas or surfaces include but are not limited to ground levels, floors, ramps, tanks, materials, water, excavations, pits, vessels, structures, or portions thereof.

     "Personal fall arrest system" - A system used to arrest an employee in a fall from a working level. It consists of an anchorage, connectors, body harness and may include a lanyard, a deceleration device, a lifeline, or a suitable combination.

     "Portable unfired pressure vessel" - A pressure container or vessel used aboard ship, other than the ship's equipment, containing liquids or gases under pressure. This does not include pressure vessels built to ((ICC)) Department of Transportation regulations under 49 CFR Part 78, Subparts C and H.

     "Positioning device system" - A body belt or body harness system rigged to allow an employee to be supported at an elevated vertical surface, such as a wall or window, and to be able to work with both hands free while leaning.

     "Powder actuated fastening tool" - A tool or machine that drives a stud, pin, or fastener by means of an explosive charge.

     "Qualified person" - A person who has successfully demonstrated the ability to solve or resolve problems related to the subject matter and work by possessing a recognized degree or certificate of professional standing or by extensive knowledge, training, and experience.

     "Related employment" - Any employment related to or performed in conjunction with ship repairing, ship building or ship breaking work, including, but not limited to, inspecting, testing, and serving as a watchman.

     "Restraint (tether) line" - A line from an anchorage, or between anchorages, to which the employee is secured so as to prevent the employee from walking or falling off an elevated work surface.

Note:

A restraint line is not necessarily designed to withstand forces resulting from a fall.

     "Rope grab" - A deceleration device that travels on a lifeline and automatically, by friction, engages the lifeline and locks to arrest the fall of an employee. A rope grab usually uses the principle of inertial locking, cam/level locking or both.

     "Shall" or "must" - Mandatory.

     "Ship breaking" - Breaking down a vessel's structure to scrap the vessel, including the removal of gear, equipment or any component part of a vessel.

     "Ship building" - Construction of a vessel, including the installation of machinery and equipment.

     "Ship repairing" - Repair of a vessel including, but not limited to, alterations, conversions, installations, cleaning, painting, and maintenance.

     "Vessel" - Every watercraft for use as a means of transportation on water, including special purpose floating structures not primarily designed for or used as a means of transportation on water.

[Statutory Authority: RCW 49.17.040, [49.17].050 and [49.17].060. 98-02-006, § 296-304-01001, filed 12/26/97, effective 3/1/98. Statutory Authority: Chapter 49.17 RCW. 95-04-006, § 296-304-01001, filed 1/18/95, effective 3/10/95; Order 76-7, § 296-304-01001, filed 3/1/76; Order 74-25, § 296-304-01001, filed 5/7/74.]

National Fire Protection Association, 60 Batterymarch Street, Boston, Mass. 02110,

Underwriters' Laboratories, Inc., 207 East Ohio Street, Chicago, Ill. 60611,

United States of America Standard Safety Code for Portable Wood Ladders, A14.1-((1959)) 1975, United States of America Standards Institute, Inc., 10 East 40th Street, New York, N.Y. 10016,

United States of America Standard Safety Code for Portable Metal Ladders, A14.2-((1956)) 1972, United States of America Standards Institute, Inc., 10 East 40th Street, New York, N.Y. 10016,

United States of America Standard Safety Code for Head, Eye, and Respiratory Protection, Z2.1-1959, United States of America Standards Institute, Inc., 10 East 40th Street, New York, N.Y. 10016,

American Society of Mechanical Engineers, Boiler and Pressure Vessel Code, Section VIII, Rules for Construction of Unfired Pressure Vessels, American Society of Mechanical Engineers, 345 East 47th Street, New York, N.Y. 10017,

Threshold Limit Values, American Conference of Governmental Industrial Hygienists, 1014 Broadway, Cincinnati, Ohio 45202,

United States of America Standards Safety Code for the Use, Care, and Protection of Abrasive Wheels, B7.1-1964, United States of America Standards Institute, Inc., 10 East 40th Street, New York, N.Y. 10016.

[Order 74-25, § 296-304-01003, filed 5/7/74.]

     (a) The employer shall ensure that hot work is not performed in or on any of the following confined and enclosed spaces and other dangerous atmospheres, boundaries of spaces or pipelines until the work area has been tested and certified by a marine chemist or a U.S. Coast Guard authorized person as "safe for hot work":

     (i) Within, on, or immediately adjacent to spaces that contain or have contained combustible or flammable liquids or gases.

     (ii) Within, on, or immediately adjacent to fuel tanks that contain or have last contained fuel; and

     (iii) On pipelines, heating coils, pump fittings or other accessories connected to spaces that contain or have last contained fuel.

     (iv) Exception: On dry cargo, miscellaneous and passenger vessels and in the landside operations within spaces which meet the standards for oxygen, flammability and toxicity in WAC 296-304-02003, but are adjacent to spaces containing flammable gases or liquids, as long as the gases or liquids ((have)) with a flash point below 150 deg. F (65.6 deg. C) ((and)) when the distance between such spaces and the work is 25 feet (((7.5)) 7.62 m) or greater.

Note:	For flammable liquids with flash points above 150 deg. F (65.6 deg. C), see subsection (2) of this section.
Note to (1)(a):	The criteria for "safe for hot work" is located in the definition section, WAC 296-304-020(2).

     (b) The certificate issued by the marine chemist or Coast Guard authorized person shall be posted in the immediate vicinity of the affected operations while they are in progress and kept on file for a period of at least three months from the date of the completion of the operation for which the certificate was generated.

     (2) Hot work requiring testing by a competent person.

     (a) Hot work is not permitted in or on the following spaces or adjacent spaces or other dangerous atmospheres until they have been tested by a competent person and determined to contain no concentrations of flammable vapors equal to or greater than 10 percent of the lower explosive limit:

     (i) Dry cargo holds;

     (ii) The bilges;

     (iii) The engine room and boiler spaces for which a marine chemist or a Coast Guard authorized person certificate is not required under subsection (1)(a)(i) of this section; and

     (iv) Vessels and vessel sections for which a marine chemist or Coast Guard authorized person certificate is not required under subsection (1)(a)(i) of this section; and

     (v) Land-side confined and enclosed spaces or other dangerous atmospheres not covered by subsection (1)(a) of this section.

     (b) If the concentration of flammable vapors or gases is equal to or greater than 10 percent of the lower explosive limit in the space or an adjacent space where the hot work is to be done, then the space shall be labeled "not safe for hot work" and ventilation shall be provided at volumes and flow rates sufficient to ensure that the concentration of flammable vapors or gases is below 10 percent by volume of the lower explosive limit. The warning label may be removed when the concentration of flammable vapors and gases are below 10 percent of the lower explosive limit.

Note to WAC 296-304-02007:

See WAC 296-304-02013--Appendix A, for additional information relevant to performing hot work safely.

[Statutory Authority: RCW 49.17.010, [49.17].050 and [49.17].060. 95-22-015, § 296-304-02007, filed 10/20/95, effective 1/16/96. Statutory Authority: Chapter 49.17 RCW. 95-04-006, § 296-304-02007, filed 1/18/95, effective 3/10/95; Order 76-7, § 296-304-02007, filed 3/1/76; Order 74-25, § 296-304-02007, filed 5/7/74.]

     (2) Alteration of existing conditions. When a change that could alter conditions within a tested confined or enclosed space or other dangerous atmosphere occurs, work in the affected space or area shall be stopped. Work may not be resumed until the affected space or area is visually inspected and retested and found to comply with WAC 296-304-02003, 296-304-02005, and 296-304-02007, as applicable.

Note to (2):

Examples of changes that would warrant the stoppage of work include: The opening of manholes or other closures or the adjusting of a valve regulating the flow of hazardous materials.

     (3) Tests to maintain the conditions of a marine chemist's or Coast Guard authorized person's certificates. A competent person shall visually inspect and test each space certified as "safe for workers" or "safe for hot work," as often as necessary to ensure that atmospheric conditions within that space ((is)) are maintained within the conditions established by the certificate after the certificate has been issued.

     (4) Change in the conditions of a marine chemist's or Coast Guard authorized person's certificate. If a competent person finds that the atmospheric conditions within a certified space fail to meet the applicable requirements of WAC 296-304-02003, 296-304-02005, and 296-304-02007, work in the certified space shall be stopped and may not be resumed until the space has been retested by a marine chemist or Coast Guard authorized person and a new certificate issued in accordance with WAC 296-304-02007(1).

     (5) Tests to maintain a competent person's findings. After a competent person has conducted a visual inspection and tests required in WAC 296-304-02003, 296-304-02005, and 296-304-02007 and determined a space to be safe for an employee to enter, he or she shall continue to test and visually inspect spaces as often as necessary to ensure that the required atmospheric conditions within the tested space are maintained.

     (6) Changes in conditions determined by competent person's findings. After the competent person has determined initially that a space is safe for an employee to enter and he or she finds subsequently that the conditions within the tested space fail to meet the requirements of WAC 296-304-02003, 296-304-02005, and 296-304-02007, as applicable, work shall be stopped until the conditions in the tested space are corrected to comply with WAC 296-304-02003, 296-304-02005, and 296-304-02007, as applicable.

[Statutory Authority: RCW 49.17.010, [49.17].050 and [49.17].060. 95-22-015, § 296-304-02009, filed 10/20/95, effective 1/16/96. Statutory Authority: Chapter 49.17 RCW. 95-04-006, § 296-304-02009, filed 1/18/95, effective 3/10/95; Order 76-7, § 296-304-02009, filed 3/1/76; Order 74-25, § 296-304-02009, filed 5/7/74.]

     (1) Paints mixed with toxic vehicles or solvents.

     (a) When employees spray paints mixed with toxic vehicles or solvents, the employer must ensure that the following conditions are met:

     (i) In confined spaces, employees continuously exposed to spraying are protected by air line respirators.

     (ii) In tanks or compartments, employees continuously exposed to spraying are protected by air line respirators. Where mechanical ventilation is provided, employees are protected by respirators.

     (iii) In large and well ventilated areas, employees exposed to spraying are protected by respirators.

     (b) The employer must ensure that where employees apply by brush paints with toxic solvents in confined spaces or other areas where lack of ventilation creates a hazard, the employees are protected by filter respirators.

     (c) When flammable paints or vehicles are used, precautions shall be taken in accordance with the requirements of WAC 296-304-03009.

     (d) The metallic parts of air moving devices, including fans, blowers, and jet-type air movers, and all duct work shall be electrically bonded to the vessel's structure.

     (2) Paints and tank coatings dissolved in highly volatile, toxic and flammable solvents. Several organic coatings, adhesives and resins are dissolved in highly toxic, flammable and explosive solvents with flash points below 80°F. Work involving such materials shall be done only when all of the following special precautions have been taken:

     (a) Sufficient exhaust ventilation shall be provided to keep the concentration of solvent vapors below ten percent of the lower explosive limit. Frequent tests shall be made by a competent person to ascertain the concentration.

     (b) If the ventilation fails or if the concentration of solvent vapors ((rises above)) reaches or exceeds ten percent of the lower explosive limit, painting shall be stopped and the compartment shall be evacuated until the concentration again falls below ten percent of the lower explosive limit. If the concentration does not fall when painting is stopped, additional ventilation to bring the concentration down to ten percent of the lower explosive limit shall be provided.

     (c) Ventilation shall be continued after the completion of painting until the space or compartment is gas free. The final determination as to whether the space or compartment is gas free shall be made after the ventilating equipment has been shut off for a least ten minutes.

     (d) Exhaust ducts shall discharge clear of working areas and away from sources of possible ignition. Periodic tests shall be made to ensure that the exhausted vapors are not accumulating in other areas within or around the vessel or dry dock.

     (e) All motors and control equipment shall be of the explosion-proof type. Fans shall have nonferrous blades. Portable air ducts shall also be of nonferrous materials. All motors and associated control equipment shall be properly maintained and grounded.

     (f) Only nonsparking paint buckets, spray guns and tools shall be used. Metal parts of paint brushes and rollers shall be insulated. Staging shall be erected in a manner which ensures that it is nonsparking.

     (g) Only explosion proof lights, approved by the Underwriters' Laboratories for use in Class I, Group D atmospheres, or approved as permissible by the U.S. Bureau of Mines or the U.S. Coast Guard, shall be used.

     (h) A competent person shall inspect all power and lighting cables to ensure that the insulation is in excellent condition, free of all cracks and worn spots, that there are no connections within fifty feet of the operation, that lines are not overloaded, and that they are suspended with sufficient slack to prevent undue stress or chafing.

     (i) The face, eyes, head, hands and all other exposed parts of the bodies of employees handling highly volatile paints must be protected according to WAC 296-304-090. All footwear must be nonsparking, such as rubbers, rubber boots or rubber soled shoes without nails. Coveralls or other outer clothing must be made of cotton. Rubber gloves, instead of plastic gloves, must be used to protect against the danger of static sparks.

     (j) No matches, lighted cigarettes, cigars, or pipes, and no cigarette lighters or ferrous articles shall be taken into the area where work is being done.

     (k) All solvent drums taken into the compartment shall be placed on nonferrous surfaces and shall be grounded to the vessel. Metallic contact shall be maintained between containers and drums when materials are being transferred from one to another.

     (l) Spray guns, paint pots, and metallic parts of connecting tubing shall be electrically bonded, and the bonded assembly shall be grounded to the vessel.

     (m) The employer must ensure that all employees continuously in a compartment in which such painting is performed, are protected by air line respirators and by suitable protective clothing. Employees entering such compartments for a limited time must be protected by filter cartridge type respirators.

     (n) The employer must ensure that all employees doing exterior paint spraying with such paints are protected by suitable filter cartridge type respirators and by suitable protective clothing.

[Statutory Authority: RCW 49.17.040, [49.17].050 and [49.17].060. 98-02-006, § 296-304-03007, filed 12/26/97, effective 3/1/98. Statutory Authority: Chapter 49.17 RCW. 95-04-006, § 296-304-03007, filed 1/18/95, effective 3/10/95; 93-19-142 (Order 93-04), § 296-304-03007, filed 9/22/93, effective 11/1/93; Order 76-7, § 296-304-03007, filed 3/1/76; Order 74-25, § 296-304-03007, filed 5/7/74.]

     (a) For the purposes of this section, mechanical ventilation shall meet the following requirements:

     (i) Mechanical ventilation shall consist of either general mechanical ventilation systems or local exhaust systems.

     (ii) General mechanical ventilation shall be of sufficient capacity and so arranged as to produce the number of air changes necessary to maintain welding fumes and smoke within safe limits.

     (iii) Local exhaust ventilation shall consist of freely movable hoods intended to be placed by the welder or burner as close as practicable to the work. This system shall be of sufficient capacity and so arranged as to remove fumes and smoke at the source and keep the concentration of them in the breathing zone within safe limits.

     (iv) Contaminated air exhausted from a working space shall be discharged into the open air or otherwise clear of the source of intake air.

     (v) All air replacing that withdrawn shall be clean and respirable.

     (vi) Oxygen shall not be used for ventilation purposes, comfort cooling, blowing dust or dirt from clothing, or for cleaning the work area.

     (2) Welding, cutting and heating in confined spaces.

     (a) Except as provided in WAC 296-304-04001 (2)(c) and (3)(b), either general mechanical or local exhaust ventilation meeting the requirements of (1) of this section shall be provided whenever welding, cutting or heating is performed in a confined space.

     (b) The means of access shall be provided to a confined space and ventilation ducts to this space shall be arranged in accordance with WAC 296-304-05011 (2)(a) and (b).

     (c) When sufficient ventilation cannot be obtained without blocking the means of access, employees in the confined space shall be protected by air line respirators in accordance with the requirements of chapter 296-62 WAC, Part E, and an employee on the outside of such a confined space shall be assigned to maintain communication with those working within it and to aid them in an emergency.

     (3) Welding, cutting or heating of metals of toxic significance.

     (a) Welding, cutting or heating in any enclosed spaces aboard the vessel involving the metals specified in this subsection shall be performed with either general mechanical or local exhaust ventilation meeting the requirements of (1) of this section.

     (i) Zinc-bearing base or filler metals or metals coated with zinc-bearing materials.

     (ii) Lead base metals.

     (iii) Cadmium-bearing filler materials.

     (iv) Chromium-bearing metals or metals coated with chromium-bearing materials.

     (b) Welding, cutting, or heating in any enclosed spaces aboard the vessel involving the metals specified in this subsection shall be performed with local exhaust ventilation in accordance with the requirements of (1) of this section or employees shall be protected by air line respirators in accordance with the requirements of chapter 296-62 WAC, Part E.

     (i) Metals containing lead, other than as an impurity, or metals coated with lead-bearing materials.

     (ii) Cadmium-bearing or cadmium coated base metals.

     (iii) Metals coated with mercury-bearing metals.

     (iv) Beryllium-containing base or filler metals. Because of its high toxicity, work involving beryllium shall be done with both local exhaust ventilation and air line respirators.

     (c) Employees performing such operations in the open air shall be protected by filter type respirators in accordance with the requirements of WAC 296-304-09003, except that employees performing such operations on beryllium-containing base or filler metals shall be protected by air line respirators in accordance with the requirements of chapter 296-62 WAC, Part E.

     (d) Other employees exposed to the same atmosphere as the welders or burners shall be protected in the same manner as the welder or burner.

     (4) Inert-gas metal-arc welding.

     (a) Since the inert-gas metal-arc welding process involves the production of ultraviolet radiation of intensities of 5 to 30 times that produced during shielded metal-arc welding, the decomposition of chlorinated solvents by ultraviolet rays, and the liberation of toxic fumes and gases, employees shall not be permitted to engage in, or be exposed to the process until the following special precautions have been taken:

     (i) The use of chlorinated solvents shall be kept at least two hundred feet from the exposed arc, and surfaces prepared with chlorinated solvents shall be thoroughly dry before welding is permitted on such surfaces.

     (ii) Helpers and other employees in the area not protected from the arc by screening as provided in WAC 206-304-04011(5) shall be protected by filter lenses meeting the requirements of ((WAC 296-304-09001 (1) and (3))) Tables I-1A and B (see below). When two or more welders are exposed to each other's arc, filter lens goggles of a suitable type meeting the requirements of WAC 296-304-09001 (1) and (3) shall be worn under welding helmets or hand shields to protect the welder against flashes and radiant energy when either the helmet is lifted or the shield is removed.

     (iii) Welders and other employees who are exposed to radiation shall be suitably protected so that the skin is covered completely to prevent burns and other damage by ultraviolet rays. Welding helmets and hand shields shall be free of leaks and openings, and free of highly reflective surfaces.

     (iv) When inert-gas metal-arc welding is being performed on stainless steel, the requirements of (3)(b) of this section shall be met to protect against dangerous concentrations of nitrogen dioxide.

     (5) General welding, cutting and heating.

     (a) Welding, cutting and heating not involving conditions or materials described in (2), (3) or (4) of this section may normally be done without mechanical ventilation or respiratory protective equipment, but where, because of unusual physical or atmospheric conditions, an unsafe accumulation of contaminants exists, suitable mechanical ventilation or respiratory protective equipment shall be provided.

     (b) Employees performing any type of welding, cutting or heating shall be protected by suitable eye protective equipment in accordance with the requirements of ((WAC 296-304-09001 (1) and (3))) Tables I-1A and B (see below).

     (6) Residues and cargos of metallic ores.

     (((a))) Residues and cargos of metallic ores of toxic significance shall be removed from the area or protected from the heat before welding, cutting or heating is begun.

TABLE I-1B

FILTER LENSES FOR PROTECTION AGAINST

RADIANT ENERGY

[Statutory Authority: Chapter 49.17 RCW. 95-04-006, § 296-304-04001, filed 1/18/95, effective 3/10/95; 93-19-142 (Order 93-04), § 296-304-04001, filed 9/22/93, effective 11/1/93; Order 74-25, § 296-304-04001, filed 5/7/74.]

     (a) All scaffolds and their supports whether of lumber, steel or other material, shall be capable of supporting the load they are designed to carry with a safety factor of not less than four.

     (b) All lumber used in the construction of scaffolds shall be spruce, fir, long leaf yellow pine, Oregon pine or wood of equal strength. The use of hemlock, short leaf yellow pine, or short fiber lumber is prohibited.

     (c) Lumber dimensions as given are nominal except where given in fractions of an inch.

     (d) All lumber used in the construction of scaffolds shall be sound, straight-grained, free from cross grain, shakes and large, loose or dead knots. It shall also be free from dry rot, large checks, worm holes or other defects which impair its strength or durability.

     (e) Scaffolds shall be maintained in a safe and secure condition. Any component of the scaffold which is broken, burned or otherwise defective shall be replaced.

     (f) Barrels, boxes, cans, loose bricks, or other unstable objects shall not be used as working platforms or for the support of planking intended as scaffolds or working platforms.

     (g) No scaffold shall be erected, moved, dismantled or altered except under the supervision of competent persons.

     (h) No welding, burning, riveting or open flame work shall be performed on any staging suspended by means of fiber rope.

     (i) Lifting bridles on working platforms suspended from cranes shall consist of four legs so attached that the stability of the platform is assured.

     (j) Unless the crane hook has a safety latch or is moused, the lifting bridles on working platforms suspended from cranes shall be attached by shackles to the lower lifting block or other positive means shall be taken to prevent them from becoming accidentally disengaged from the crane hook.

     (2) Independent pole wood scaffolds.

     (a) All pole uprights shall be set plumb. Poles shall rest on a foundation of sufficient size and strength to distribute the load and to prevent displacement.

     (b) In light-duty scaffolds not more than 24 feet in height, poles may be spliced by overlapping the ends not less than 4 feet and securely nailing them together. A substantial cleat shall be nailed to the lower section to form a support for the upper section except when bolted connections are used.

     (c) All other poles to be spliced shall be squared at the ends of each splice, abutted, and rigidly fastened together by not less than two cleats securely nailed or bolted thereto. Each cleat shall overlap each pole end by at least 24 inches and shall have a width equal to the face of the pole to which it is attached. The combined cross sectional area of the cleats shall be not less than the cross sectional area of the pole.

     (d) Ledgers shall extend over two consecutive pole spaces and shall overlap the poles at each end by not less than 4 inches. They shall be left in position to brace the poles as the platform is raised with the progress of the work. Ledgers shall be level and shall be securely nailed or bolted to each pole and shall be placed against the inside face of each pole.

     (e) All bearers shall be set with their greater dimension vertical and shall extend beyond the ledgers upon which they rest.

     (f) Diagonal bracing shall be provided between the parallel poles, and cross bracing shall be provided between the inner and outer poles or from the outer poles to the ground.

     (g) Minimum dimensions and spacing of members shall be in accordance with Table E-1 in WAC 296-304-07011.

     (h) Platform planking shall be in accordance with the requirements of (8) of this section.

     (i) Backrails and toeboards shall be in accordance with the requirements of (9) of this section.

     (3) Independent pole metal scaffolds.

     (a) Metal scaffold members shall be maintained in good repair and free of corrosion.

     (b) All vertical and horizontal members shall be fastened together with a coupler or locking device which will form a positive connection. The locking device shall be of a type which has no loose parts.

     (c) Posts shall be kept plumb during erection and the scaffold shall be subsequently kept plumb and rigid by means of adequate bracing.

     (d) Posts shall be fitted with bases supported on a firm foundation to distribute the load. When wooden sills are used, the bases shall be fastened thereto.

     (e) Bearers shall be located at each set of posts, at each level, and at each intermediate level where working platforms are installed.

     (f) Tubular bracing shall be applied both lengthwise and crosswise as required.

     (g) Platform planking shall be in accordance with the requirements of (8) of this section.

     (h) Backrails and toeboards shall be in accordance with the requirements of (9) of this section.

     (4) Wood trestle and extension trestle ladders.

     (a) The use of trestle ladders, or extension sections or base sections of extension trestle ladders longer than 20 feet is prohibited. The total height of base and extension may, however, be more than 20 feet.

     (b) The minimum dimensions of the side rails of the trestle ladder, or the base sections of the extension trestle ladder, shall be as follows:

     (i) Ladders up to and including those 16 feet long shall have side rails of not less than 1 5/16 x 2 3/4 inch lumber.

     (ii) Ladders over 16 feet long and up to and including those 20 feet long shall have side rails of not less than 1 5/16 x 3 inch lumber.

     (c) The side rails of the extension section of the extension trestle ladder shall be parallel and shall have minimum dimensions as follows:

     (i) Ladders up to and including 12 feet long shall have side rails of not less than 1 5/16 x 2 1/4 inch lumber.

     (ii) Ladders over 12 feet long and up to and including those 16 feet long shall have side rails of not less than 1 5/16 x 2 1/2 inch lumber.

     (iii) Ladders over 16 feet long and up to and including those 20 feet long shall have side rails of not less than 1 5/16 x 3 inch lumber. (Rev. 2-17-76)

     (d) Trestle ladders and base sections of extension trestle ladders shall be so spread that when in an open position the spread of the trestle at the bottom, inside to inside, shall be not less than 5 1/2 inches per foot of the length of the ladder.

     (e) The width between the side rails at the bottom of the trestle ladder or of the base section of the extension trestle ladder shall be not less than 21 inches for all ladders and sections 6 feet or less in length. For longer lengths of ladder the width shall be increased at least 1 inch for each additional foot of length. The width between the side rails of the extension section of the trestle ladder shall be not less than 12 inches.

     (f) In order to limit spreading, the top ends of the side rails of both the trestle ladder and of the base section of the extension trestle ladder shall be beveled, or of equivalent construction, and shall be provided with a metal hinge.

     (g) A metal spreader or locking device to hold the front and back sections in an open position, and to hold the extension section securely in the elevated position, shall be a component of each trestle ladder or extension trestle ladder.

     (h) Rungs shall be parallel and level. On the trestle ladder, or on the base section of the extension trestle ladder, rungs shall be spaced not less than 8 inches nor more than 18 inches apart; on the extension section of the extension trestle ladder, rungs shall be spaced not less than 6 inches nor more than 12 inches apart.

     (i) Platform planking shall be in accordance with the requirements of (8) of this section, except that the width of the platform planking shall not exceed the distance between the ((siderails)) side rails.

     (j) Backrails and toeboards shall be in accordance with the requirements of (9) of this section.

     (5) Painters' suspended scaffolds.

     (a) The supporting hooks of swinging scaffolds shall be constructed to be equivalent in strength to mild steel or wrought iron, shall be forged with care, shall be not less than 7/8 inch in diameter, and shall be secured to a safe anchorage at all times.

     (b) The ropes supporting a swinging scaffold shall be equivalent in strength to first-grade 3/4 inch diameter manila rope properly rigged into a set of standard 6 inch blocks consisting of at least one double and one single block.

     (c) Manila and wire ropes shall be carefully examined before each operation and thereafter as frequently as may be necessary to ensure their safe condition.

     (d) Each end of the scaffold platform shall be supported by a wrought iron or mild steel stirrup or hanger, which in turn is supported by the suspension ropes.

     (e) Stirrups shall be constructed so as to be equivalent in strength to wrought iron 3/4 inch in diameter.

     (f) The stirrups shall be formed with a horizontal bottom member to support the platform, shall be provided with means to support the guardrail and midrail and shall have a loop or eye at the top for securing the supporting hook on the block.

     (g) Two or more swinging scaffolds shall not at any time be combined into one by bridging the distance between them with planks or any other form of platform.

     (h) No more than two ((men)) persons shall be permitted to work at one time on a swinging scaffold built to the minimum specifications contained in this section. Where heavier construction is used, the number of ((men)) persons permitted to work on the scaffold shall be determined by the size and the safe working load of the scaffold.

     (i) Backrails and toeboards shall be in accordance with the requirements of (9) of this section.

     (j) The swinging scaffold platform shall be one of the three types described in (k), (l), and (m) of this section.

     (k) The ladder-type platform consists of boards upon a horizontal ladder-like structure, referred to herein as the ladder, the side rails of which are parallel. If this type of platform is used the following requirements shall be met:

     (i) The width between the side rails shall be no more than 20 inches.

     (ii) The side rails of ladders in ladder-type platforms shall be equivalent in strength to a beam of clear straight-grained spruce of the dimensions contained in Table E-2 in WAC ((296-304-07013)) 296-304-07011.

     (iii) The side rails shall be tied together with tie rods. The tie rods shall be not less than 5/16 inch in diameter, located no more than 5 feet apart, pass through the rails, and be riveted up tight against washers at both ends.

     (iv) The rungs shall be of straight-grained oak, ash, or hickory, not less than 1 1/8 inches diameter, with 7/8 inch tenons mortised into the side rails not less than 7/8 inch and shall be spaced no more than 18 inches on centers.

     (v) Flooring strips shall be spaced no more than 5/8 inch apart except at the side rails, where 1 inch spacing is permissible.

     (vi) Flooring strips shall be cleated on their undersides.

     (l) The plank-type platform consists of planks supported on the stirrups or hangers. If this type of platform is used, the following requirements shall be met:

     (i) The planks of plank-type platforms shall be not less than 2 x 10 inch lumber.

     (ii) The platform shall be no more than 24 inches in width.

     (iii) The planks shall be tied together by cleats of not less than 1 x 6 inch lumber, nailed on their undersides at intervals of not more than 4 feet.

     (iv) The planks shall extend not less than 6 inches nor more than 18 inches beyond the supporting stirrups.

     (v) A cleat shall be nailed across the platform on the underside at each end outside the stirrup to prevent the platform from slipping off the stirrup.

     (vi) Stirrup supports shall be not more than 10 feet apart.

     (m) The beam-type platform consists of longitudinal side stringers with cross beams set on edge and spaced not more than 4 feet apart on which longitudinal platform planks are laid. If this type platform is used the following requirements shall be met:

     (i) The side stringers shall be of sound, straight-grained lumber, free from knots, and of not less than 2 x 6 inch lumber, set on edge.

     (ii) The stringers shall be supported on the stirrups with a clear span between stirrups of not more than 16 feet.

     (iii) The stringers shall be bolted to the stirrups by U-bolts passing around the stirrups and bolted through the stringers with nuts drawn up tight on the inside face.

     (iv) The ends of the stringers shall extend beyond the stirrups not less than 6 inches nor more than 12 inches at each end of the platform.

     (v) The platform shall be supported on cross beams of 2 x 6 inch lumber between the side stringers securely nailed thereto and spaced not more than 4 feet on centers.

     (vi) The platform shall be not more than 24 inches wide.

     (vii) The platform shall be formed of boards 7/8 inch in thickness by not less than 6 inches in width, nailed tightly together, and extending to the outside face of the stringers.

     (viii) The ends of all platform boards shall rest on the top of the cross beams, shall be securely nailed, and at no intermediate points in the length of the platform shall there by any cantilever ends.

     (6) Horse scaffolds.

     (a) The minimum dimensions of lumber used in the construction of horses shall be in accordance with Table E-3 in WAC 296-304-07011.

     (b) Horses constructed of materials other than lumber shall provide the strength, rigidity and security required of horses constructed of lumber.

     (c) The lateral spread of the legs shall be equal to not less than one-third of the height of the horse.

     (d) All horses shall be kept in good repair, and shall be properly secured when used in staging or in locations where they may be insecure.

     (e) Platform planking shall be in accordance with the requirements of (8) of this section.

     (f) Backrails and toeboards shall be in accordance with (9) of this section.

     (7) Other types of scaffolds.

     (a) Scaffolds of a type for which specifications are not contained in this section shall meet the general requirements of (1), (8) and (9) of this section, shall be in accordance with recognized principles of design and shall be constructed in accordance with accepted standards covering such equipment.

     (8) Scaffold or platform planking.

     (a) Except as otherwise provided in (5)(k) and (m), platform planking shall be of not less than 2 x 10 inch lumber. Platform planking shall be straight-grained and free from large or loose knots and may be either rough or dressed.

     (b) Platforms of staging shall be not less than two 10 inch planks in width except in such cases as the structure of the vessel or the width of the trestle ladders make it impossible to provide such a width.

     (c) Platform planking shall project beyond the supporting members at either end by at least 6 inches but in no case shall project more than 12 inches unless the planks are fastened to the supporting members.

     (d) Table E-4 in WAC 296-304-07011 shall be used as a guide in determining safe loads for scaffold planks.

     (9) Backrails and toeboards.

     (a) Scaffolding, staging, runways, or working platforms which are supported or suspended more than 5 feet above a solid surface, or at any distance above the water, shall be provided with a railing which has a top rail whose upper surface is from 42 to 45 inches above the upper surface of the staging, platform, or runway and a midrail located halfway between the upper rail and the staging, platform, or runway.

     (b) Rails shall be of 2 x 4 inch lumber, flat bar or pipe. When used with rigid supports, taut wire or fiber rope of adequate strength may be used. If the distance between supports is more than 8 feet, rails shall be equivalent in strength to 2 x 4 inch lumber. Rails shall be firmly secured. Where exposed to hot work or chemicals, fiber rope rails shall not be used.

     (c) Rails may be omitted where the structure of the vessel prevents their use. When rails are omitted employees working more than 5 feet above solid surfaces shall be protected by safety belts and life lines meeting the requirements of WAC ((296-304-09007)) 296-304-09021(2), and employees working over water shall be protected by personal flotation devices meeting the requirements of WAC ((296-304-09007)) 296-304-09017(1).

     (d) Employees working from swinging scaffolds which are triced out of a vertical line below their supports or from scaffolds on paint floats subject to surging, shall be protected against falling toward the vessel by a railing or a safety belt and line attached to the backrail.

     (e) When necessary, to prevent tools and materials from falling on men below, toeboards of not less than 1 x 4 inch lumber shall be provided.

     (10) Access to staging.

     (a) Access from below to staging more than 5 feet above a floor, deck or the ground shall consist of well secured stairways, cleated ramps, fixed or portable ladders meeting the applicable requirements of WAC 296-304-05003 or rigid type noncollapsible trestles with parallel and level rungs.

     (b) Ramps and stairways shall be provided with 36-inch handrails with midrails.

     (c) Ladders shall be so located or other means shall be taken so that it is not necessary for employees to step more than one foot from the ladder to any intermediate landing or platform.

     (d) Ladders forming integral parts of prefabricated staging are deemed to meet the requirements of these regulations.

     (e) Access from above to staging more than 3 feet below the point of access shall consist of a straight, portable ladder meeting the applicable requirements of WAC 296-304-05003 or a Jacob's ladder properly secured, meeting the requirements of WAC 296-304-05007(4).

[Order 76-7, § 296-304-05001, filed 3/1/76; Order 74-25, § 296-304-05001, filed 5/7/74.]

     (a) The use of ladders with broken or missing rungs or steps, broken or split side rails, or other faulty or defective construction is prohibited. When ladders with such defects are discovered, they shall be immediately withdrawn from service. Inspection of metal ladders shall include checking for corrosion of interiors of open end, hollow rungs.

     (b) When sections of ladders are spliced, the ends shall be abutted, and not fewer than 2 cleats shall be securely nailed or bolted to each rail. The combined cross sectional area of the cleats shall be not less than the cross sectional area of the side rail. The dimensions of side rails for their total length shall be those specified in (2) or (3) of this section.

     (c) Portable ladders shall be lashed, blocked or otherwise secured to prevent their being displaced. The side rails of ladders used for access to any level shall extend not less than 36 inches above that level. When this is not practical, grab rails which will provide a secure grip for an employee moving to or from the point of access shall be installed.

     (d) Portable metal ladders shall be of strength equivalent to that of wood ladders. Manufactured portable metal ladders provided by the employer shall be in accordance with the provisions of the United States of America Standard Safety Code for Portable Metal Ladders, A14.2.

     (e) Portable metal ladders shall not be used near electrical conductors nor for electric arc welding operations.

     (f) Manufactured portable wood ladders provided by the employer shall be in accordance with the provisions of the United States of America Standard Safety Code for Portable Wood Ladders, ((A14.1)) A-14.

     (2) Construction of portable wood cleated ladders up to 30 feet in length.

     (a) Wood side rails shall be made from west coast hemlock, eastern spruce, Sitka spruce, or wood of equivalent strength. Material shall be seasoned, straight-grained wood, and free from shakes, checks, decay or other defects which will impair its strength. The use of low density woods is prohibited.

     (b) Side rails shall be dressed on all sides, and kept free of splinters.

     (c) All knots shall be sound and hard. The use of material containing loose knots is prohibited. Knots shall not appear on the narrow face of the rail and, when in the side face, shall be not more than 1/2 inch in diameter or within 1/2 inch of the edge of the rail or nearer than 3 inches to a tread or rung.

     (d) Pitch pockets not exceeding 1/8 inch in width, 2 inches in length and 1/2 inch in depth are permissible in wood side rails, provided that not more than one such pocket appears in each 4 feet of length.

     (e) The width between side rails at the base shall be not less than 11 1/2 inches for ladders 10 feet or less in length. For longer ladders this width shall be increased at least 1/4 inch for each additional 2 feet in length.

     (f) Side rails shall be at least 1 5/8 x 3 5/8 inches in cross section.

     (g) Cleats (meaning rungs rectangular in cross section with the wide dimension parallel to the rails) shall be of the material used for side rails, straight-grained and free from knots. Cleats shall be mortised into the edges of the side rails 1/2 inch, or filler blocks shall be used on the rails between the cleats. The cleats shall be secured to each rail with three 10d common wire nails or fastened with through bolts or other fasteners of equivalent strength. Cleats shall be uniformly spaced not more than 12 inches apart.

     (h) Cleats 20 inches or less in length shall be at least 25/32 x 3 inches in cross section. Cleats over 20 inches but not more than 30 inches in length shall be at least 25/32 x 3 3/4 inches in cross section.

     (3) Construction of portable wood cleated ladders from 30 to 60 feet in length.

     (a) Ladders from 30 to 60 feet in length shall be in accordance with the specifications of (2) of this section with the following exceptions:

     (i) Rails shall be of not less than 2 x 6 inch lumber.

     (ii) Cleats shall be of not less than 1 x 4 inch lumber.

     (iii) Cleats shall be nailed to each rail with five 10d common wire nails or fastened with through bolts or other fastenings of equivalent strength.

[Order 74-25, § 296-304-05003, filed 5/7/74.]

     (2) When employees are working around open hatches not protected by coamings to a height of 24 inches or around other large openings, the edge of the opening shall be guarded in the working area to a height of 36 to 42 inches, except where the use of such guards is made impracticable by the work actually in progress.

     (3) When employees are exposed to unguarded edges of decks, platforms, flats, and similar flat surfaces, more than 5 feet above a solid surface, the edges shall be guarded by adequate guardrails meeting the requirements of WAC 296-304-05001 (1)(a) and (b), unless the nature of the work in progress or the physical conditions prohibit the use or installation of such guardrails.

     (4) When employees are working near the unguarded edges of decks of vessels afloat, they shall be protected by buoyant ((work vests)) personal flotation devices, meeting the requirements of WAC ((296-304-09007)) 296-304-09017(1).

     (5) Sections of bilges from which floor plates or gratings have been removed shall be guarded by guardrails except where they would interfere with work in progress. If these open sections are in a walkway at least two 10-inch planks placed side by side, or equivalent, shall be laid across the opening to provide a safe walking surface.

     (6) Gratings, walkways, and catwalks, from which sections or ladders have been removed, shall be barricaded with adequate guardrails.

[Order 74-25, § 296-304-05005, filed 5/7/74.]

     (2) Each side of such gangway, ramp or permanent stairway, including those which are used for access to wing walls from dry dock floors, shall have a railing with a midrail. Such railings on gangways or ramps shall be approximately 42 inches in height; and railings on permanent stairways shall be not less than approximately 30 or more than approximately 34 inches in height. Rails shall be of wood, pipe, chain, wire, or rope and shall be kept taut at all times.

     (3) Railings meeting the requirements of (2) of this section shall be provided on the means of access to and from the floors of graving docks.

     (4) Railings approximately 42 inches in height, with a ((mid rail)) midrail, shall be provided on the edges of wing walls of floating dry docks and on the edges of graving docks. Sections of the railings may be temporarily removed where necessary to permit line handling while a vessel is entering or leaving the dock.

     (5) When employees are working on the floor of a floating dry dock where they are exposed to the hazard of falling into the water, the end of the dry dock shall be equipped with portable stanchions and 42 inch railings with a midrail. When such a railing would be impracticable or ineffective, other effective means shall be provided to prevent ((men)) employees from falling into the water.

     (6) Access to wingwalls from floors of dry docks shall be by ramps, permanent stairways or ladders meeting the applicable requirements of WAC 296-304-05003.

     (7) Catwalks on stiles of marine railways shall be no less than 20 inches wide and shall have on at least one side a guardrail and midrail meeting the requirements of WAC 296-304-05001 (9)(a) and (b).

[Order 74-25, § 296-304-05009, filed 5/7/74.]

     (2) The employer must provide and ensure the use of fall protection when employees work aloft or elsewhere at elevations more than 5 feet above a solid surface.

     (a) Employees must be protected by the use of scaffolds, ladders, or personal protection equipment according to WAC 296-304-09021, or 296-304-09023.

     (b) Employees must work from scaffolds when visually restricted by:

     • Blasting hoods;

     • Welding helmets; and

     • Burning goggles; except

     • For the initial and final welding or burning operation to start or complete a job such as the erection and dismantling of hung scaffolding; or

     • Other similar, nonrepetitive jobs of brief duration.

     (3) For work performed in restricted quarters, such as behind boilers and in between congested machinery units and piping, work platforms at least 20 inches wide meeting the requirements of WAC 296-304-05001 (8)(b) shall be used. Backrails may be omitted if bulkheading, boilers, machinery units, or piping afford proper protection against falling.

     (4) When employees are boarding, leaving, or working from small boats or floats, they shall be protected by personal flotation devices meeting the requirements of WAC ((296-304-09007)) 296-304-09017(1).

[Statutory Authority: RCW 49.17.040, [49.17].050 and [49.17].060. 98-02-006, § 296-304-05013, filed 12/26/97, effective 3/1/98; Order 76-7, § 296-304-05013, filed 3/1/76; Order 74-25, § 296-304-05013, filed 5/7/74.]

     (2) Temporary lights shall meet the following requirements:

     (a) Temporary lights shall be equipped with guards to prevent accidental contact with the bulb, except that guards are not required when the construction of the reflector is such that the bulb is deeply recessed.

     (b) Temporary lights shall be equipped with heavy duty electric cords with connections and insulation maintained in safe condition. Temporary lights shall not be suspended by their electric cords unless cords and lights are designed for this means of suspension. Splices which have insulation equal to that of the cable are permitted.

     (c) Cords shall be kept clear of working spaces and walkways or other locations in which they are readily exposed to damage.

     (3) Exposed noncurrent-carrying metal parts of temporary lights furnished by the employer shall be grounded either through a third wire in the cable containing the circuit conductors or through a separate wire which is grounded at the source of the current. Grounding shall be in accordance with the requirements of WAC 296-304-08003(2).

     (4) Where temporary lighting from sources outside the vessel is the only means of illumination, portable emergency lighting equipment shall be available to provide illumination for safe movement of employees.

     (5) Employees shall not be permitted to enter dark spaces without a suitable portable light. The use of matches and open flame lights is prohibited. In nongas free spaces, portable lights shall meet the requirements of WAC 296-304-02005 (2)(i).

     (6) Temporary lighting stringers or streamers shall be so arranged as to avoid overloading of branch circuits. Each branch circuit shall be equipped with overcurrent protection of capacity not exceeding the rated current carrying capacity of the cord used.

[Order 74-25, § 296-304-06003, filed 5/7/74.]

     (a) Derricks and cranes which are part of, or regularly placed aboard barges, other vessels, or on wingwalls of floating drydocks, and are used to transfer materials or equipment from or to a vessel or drydock, shall be tested and certificated in accordance with the standards provided in WAC 296-304-130 gear certification, by persons accredited for that purpose.

     (b)(a) of this section shall take effect 180 days after the effective date of the amendment.

     (2) The moving parts of hoisting and hauling equipment shall be guarded.

     (3) Mobile crawler or truck cranes used on a vessel:

     (a) The maximum manufacturer's rated safe working loads for the various working radii of the boom and the maximum and minimum radii at which the boom may be safely used with and without outriggers shall be conspicuously posted near the controls and shall be visible to the operator. A radius indicator shall be provided.

     (b) The posted safe working loads of mobile crawler or truck cranes under the conditions of use shall not be exceeded.

     (4) Accessible areas within the swing radius of the outermost part of the body of a revolving derrick or crane ((either)) whether permanently or temporarily mounted, shall be guarded in such a manner as to prevent an employee from being in such a position as to be struck by the crane or caught between the crane and fixed parts of the vessel or of the crane itself.

     (5) Marine railways:

     (a) The cradle or carriage on the marine railway shall be positively blocked or secured when in the hauled position to prevent it from being accidentally released.

[Order 74-25, § 296-304-07009, filed 5/7/74.]

     (2) Plates shall be handled on and off hulls by means of shackles whenever possible. Clips or pads of ample size shall be welded to the plate to receive the shackle pins whenever there are no holes in the plate. When it is not possible to make holes in or to weld pads to the plate, alligator tongs, grab hooks, grab clamps or screw clamps may be used. In such cases special precautions shall be taken to keep employees from under such lifts.

     (3) Tag lines shall be provided on loads likely to swing or to need guidance.

     (4) When slings are secured to eyebolts, the slings shall be so arranged, using spreaders if necessary, that the pull is within 20 degrees of the axis of the bolt.

     (5) Slings shall be padded by means of wood blocks or other suitable material where they pass over sharp edges or corners of loads so as to prevent cutting or kinking.

     (6) Skips shall be rigged to be handled by not less than 3 legged bridles, and all legs shall always be used. When open end skips are used, means shall be taken to prevent the contents from falling.

     (7) Loose ends of idle legs of slings in use shall be hung on the hook.

     (8) Employees shall not be permitted to ride the hook or the load.

     (9) Loads (tools, equipment or other materials) shall not be swung or suspended over the heads of employees.

     (10) Pieces of equipment or structure susceptible to falling or dislodgement shall be secured or removed as early as possible.

     (11) An individual who is familiar with the signal code in use shall be assigned to act as a signalman when the hoist operator cannot see the load being handled. Communications shall be made by means of clear and distinct visual or auditory signals except that verbal signals shall not be permitted.

     (12) Pallets, when used, shall be of such material and construction and so maintained as to safely support and carry the loads being handled on them.

     (13) A section of hatch through which materials or equipment are being raised, lowered, moved, or otherwise shifted manually or by a crane, winch, hoist, or derrick, shall be completely opened. The beam or pontoon left in place adjacent to an opening shall be sufficiently lashed, locked or otherwise secured to prevent it from ((being unshipped)) moving so that it cannot be displaced by accident.

     (14) Hatches shall not be opened or closed while employees are in the square of the hatch below.

     (15) Before loads or empty lifting gear are raised, lowered, or swung, clear and sufficient advance warning shall be given to employees in the vicinity of such operations.

     (16) At no time shall an employee be permitted to place himself in hazardous position between a swinging load and a fixed object.

TABLE E-1

DIMENSIONS AND SPACING OF WOOD

INDEPENDENT-POLE SCAFFOLD MEMBERS