WACs > Title 296 > Chapter 296-24

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296-24-003
Subsections, subdivisions, items, subitems, and segments.

  (1) That portion of section numeration appearing after the chapter designation appears in either a three digit or a five digit format (e.g. 296-24-330 and 296-24-33002). The final two digits of the section number are implied decimal extensions of the first three digits and represent a further division of the three digit enumeration.

     (2) Sections of this chapter may be divided into subsections (1), (2), (3), etc., which may in turn be divided into subdivisions (a), (b), (c), etc., which may be further divided into items (i), (ii), (iii), etc.,which may be further divided into subitems (A), (B), (C), etc.,which may be further divided into segments (I), (II), (III), etc.,all according to the following hierarchy, e.g.

Sections	296-24-330 and 296-24-33002
Subsections	(1) (2)
Subdivisions	(a) (b)
Items	(i) (ii)
Subitems	(A) (B)
Segments	(I) (II)

[Statutory Authority: Chapter 49.17 RCW. 88-23-054 (Order 88-25), § 296-24-003, filed 11/14/88; Order 76-6, § 296-24-003, filed 3/1/76; Order 73-5, § 296-24-003, filed 5/9/73 and Order 73-4, § 296-24-003, filed 5/7/73.]

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296-24-005
Purpose and scope.

  The rules in this chapter are designed to protect the safety and health of employees by creating a healthy work environment by establishing requirements to control safety hazards in the workplace. Chapter 296-800 WAC, the safety and health core rules, contain safety and health rules that apply to most workplaces. Other special industry rules complement the rules found in this chapter and in the safety and health core rules.



[Statutory Authority: RCW 49.17.010, [49.17].040, and[49.17].050 . 01-11-038, § 296-24-005, filed 5/9/01, effective 9/1/01; Order 73-5, § 296-24-005, filed 5/9/73 and Order 73-4, § 296-24-005, filed 5/7/73.]

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296-24-012
Definitions applicable to all sections of this chapter.

  

Note:

Meaning of words. Unless the context indicates otherwise, words used in this chapter shall have the meaning given in this section.

     (1) "Approved" means approved by the director of the department of labor and industries or his/her authorized representative: Provided, however, That should a provision of this chapter state that approval by an agency or organization other than the department of labor and industries is required, such as Underwriters' Laboratories or the Mine Safety and Health Administration (MSHA) and the National Institute for Occupational Safety and Health (NIOSH), the provisions of WAC 296-800-360 shall apply.

     (2) "Authorized person" means a person approved or assigned by the employer to perform a specific type of duty or duties or to be at a specific location or locations at the job site.

     (3) "Competent person" means one who is capable of identifying existing and predictable hazards in the surroundings or working conditions which are unsanitary, hazardous, or dangerous to employees, and who has authorization to take prompt corrective action to eliminate them.

     (4) "Department" means the department of labor and industries.

     (5) "Director" means the director of the department of labor and industries, or his/her designated representative.

     (6) "Employer" means any person, firm, corporation, partnership, business trust, legal representative, or other business entity which engages in any business, industry, profession, or activity in this state and employs one or more employees or who contracts with one or more persons, the essence of which is the personal labor of such person or persons and includes the state, counties, cities, and all municipal corporations, public corporations, political subdivisions of the state, and charitable organizations: Provided, That any person, partnership, or business entity not having employees, and who is covered by the industrial insurance act shall be considered both an employer and an employee.

     (7) "First aid" means, for purposes of this section, the extent of treatment that could be expected to be given by a person trained in basic first aid, using supplies from a first-aid kit. Tests, such as X rays, shall not be confused with treatment.

     (8) "Hazard" means that condition, potential or inherent, which can cause injury, death, or occupational disease.

     (9) "Hospitalization" means to be admitted to a hospital or an equivalent medical facility on an emergent in-patient basis requiring an overnight stay.

     (10) "Qualified" means one who, by possession of a recognized degree, certificate, or professional standing, or who by extensive knowledge, training, and experience, has successfully demonstrated the ability to solve or resolve problems relating to the subject matter, the work, or the project.

     (11) "Safety factor" means the ratio of the ultimate breaking strength of a member or piece of material or equipment to the actual working stress or safe load when in use.

     (12) "Safety and health standard" means a standard which requires the adoption or use of one or more practices, means, methods, operations, or processes reasonably necessary or appropriate to provide safe or healthful employment and places of employment.

     (13) "Shall" means mandatory.

     (14) "Should" means recommended.

     (15) "Standard safeguard" means a device designed and constructed with the object of removing the hazard of accident incidental to the machine, appliance, tool, building, or equipment to which it is attached.

     Standard safeguards shall be constructed of either metal or wood or other suitable material or a combination of these. The final determination of the sufficiency of any safeguard rests with the director of the department of labor and industries.

     (16) "Suitable" means that which fits, or has the qualities or qualifications to meet a given purpose, occasion, condition, function, or circumstance.

     (17) "Working day" means a calendar day, except Saturdays, Sundays, and legal holidays as set forth in RCW 1.16.050, as now or hereafter amended, and for the purposes of the computation of time within which an act is to be done under the provisions of this chapter, shall be computed by excluding the first working day and including the last working day.

     (18) "Worker," "personnel," "person," "employee," and other terms of like meaning, unless the context of the provision containing such term indicates otherwise, mean an employee of an employer who is employed in the business of his/her employer whether by way of manual labor or otherwise and every person in this state who is engaged in the employment of or who is working under an independent contract the essence of which is his/her personal labor for an employer whether by manual labor or otherwise.

     (19) "Work place" means any plant, yard, premises, room, or other place where an employee or employees are employed for the performance of labor or service over which the employer has the right of access or control, and includes, but is not limited to, all work places covered by industrial insurance under Title 51 RCW, as now or hereafter amended.

     (20) Abbreviations used in this chapter:

     (a) "ANSI" means American National Standards Institute.

     (b) "API" means American Petroleum Institute.

     (c) "ASA" means American Standards Association.

     (d) "ASAE" means American Society of Agricultural Engineers.

     (e) "ASHRE" means American Society of Heating and Refrigeration Engineers.

     (f) "ASME" means American Society for Mechanical Engineers.

     (g) "ASTM" means American Society for Testing and Materials.

     (h) "AWS" means American Welding Society.

     (i) "BTU" means British thermal unit.

     (j) "BTUH" means British thermal unit per hour.

     (k) "CFM" means cubic feet per minute.

     (l) "C.F.R." means Code of Federal Regulations.

     (m) "CGA" means Compressed Gas Association.

     (n) "CIE" means Commission Internationale de l' Eclairage.

     (o) "DOT" means department of transportation.

     (p) "FRP" means fiberglass reinforced plastic.

     (q) "GPM" means gallons per minute.

     (r) "ICC" means Interstate Commerce Commission.

     (s) "ID" means inside diameter.

     (t) "LPG" means liquefied petroleum gas.

     (u) "MCA" means Manufacturing Chemist Association. (New name: Chemical Manufacturers Association.)

     (v) "NBFU" means National Board of Fire Underwriters.

     (w) "NEMA" means National Electrical Manufacturing Association.

     (x) "NFPA" means National Fire Protection Association.

     (y) "NTP" means normal temperature and pressure.

     (z) "OD" means outside diameter.

     (aa) "PSI" means pounds per square inch.

     (bb) "PSIA" means pounds per square inch atmospheric.

     (cc) "PSIG" means pounds per square inch gauge.

     (dd) "RMA" means Rubber Manufacturers Association.

     (ee) "SAE" means Society of Automotive Engineers.

     (ff) "TFI" means The Fertilizer Institute.

     (gg) "TSC" means Trailer Standard Code.

     (hh) "UL" means Underwriters' Laboratories, Inc.

     (ii) "USASI" means United States of America Standards Institute.

     (jj) "U.S.C." means United States Code.

     (kk) "USCG" means United States Coast Guard.

     (ll) "WAC" means Washington Administrative Code.

     (mm) "WISHA" means Washington Industrial Safety and Health Act of 1973.



[Statutory Authority: RCW 49.17.010, 49.17.040, 49.17.050, 49.17.060. 09-01-158, § 296-24-012, filed 12/23/08, effective 3/1/09; 04-07-161, § 296-24-012, filed 3/23/04, effective 6/1/04. Statutory Authority: RCW 49.17.010, [49.17].040,[49.17].050 . 02-12-098, § 296-24-012, filed 6/5/02, effective 8/1/02. Statutory Authority: Chapter 49.17 RCW. 94-15-096 (Order 94-07), § 296-24-012, filed 7/20/94, effective 9/20/94; 89-11-035 (Order 89-03), § 296-24-012, filed 5/15/89, effective 6/30/89; Order 73-5, § 296-24-012, filed 5/9/73 and Order 73-4, § 296-24-012, filed 5/7/73.]

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296-24-215
Materials handling and storage — Handling materials — General.

  



[Order 73-5, § 296-24-215, filed 5/9/73 and Order 73-4, § 296-24-215, filed 5/7/73.]

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296-24-21501
Use of mechanical equipment.

  Where mechanical handling equipment is used, sufficient safe clearances shall be allowed for aisles, at loading docks, through doorways and wherever turns or passage must be made. Aisles and passageways shall be kept clear and in good repair, with no obstruction across or in aisles that could create a hazard. Permanent aisles and passageways shall be appropriately marked.



[Order 73-5, § 296-24-21501, filed 5/9/73 and Order 73-4, § 296-24-21501, filed 5/7/73.]

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296-24-21509
Clearance limits.

  Clearance signs to warn of clearance limits shall be provided.



[Order 73-5, § 296-24-21509, filed 5/9/73 and Order 73-4, § 296-24-21509, filed 5/7/73.]

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296-24-21511
Rolling railroad cars.

  (1) Derail and/or bumper blocks shall be provided on spur railroad tracks where a rolling car could contact other cars being worked, enter a building, work or traffic area. This does not apply to cars being moved by a locomotive, switch engine, donkey engine, or a car puller, but only to cars which are "cut loose." The standard does not apply to "cut loose" cars in railroad yards where trains are made up using gravity feed arrangements.

     (2) A clearly audible warning system shall be employed when cars are being moved by car pullers or locomotives, and when the person responsible for the moving does not have assurance that the area is clear, and it is safe to move the car or cars.



[Statutory Authority: Chapter 49.17 RCW. 89-11-035 (Order 89-03), § 296-24-21511, filed 5/15/89, effective 6/30/89; Order 74-27, § 296-24-21511, filed 5/7/74; Order 73-5, § 296-24-21511, filed 5/9/73 and Order 73-4, § 296-24-21511, filed 5/7/73.]

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296-24-21513
Guarding.

  Covers and/or guardrails shall be provided to protect personnel from the hazards of open pits, tanks, vats, ditches, etc.



[Order 73-5, § 296-24-21513, filed 5/9/73 and Order 73-4, § 296-24-21513, filed 5/7/73.]

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296-24-235
Overhead and gantry cranes.

  



[Order 73-5, § 296-24-235, filed 5/9/73 and Order 73-4, § 296-24-235, filed 5/7/73.]

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296-24-23501
Definitions.

  (1) A "crane" is a machine for lifting and lowering a load and moving it horizontally, with the hoisting mechanism and integral part of the machine. Cranes whether fixed or mobile are driven manually or by power.

     (2) An "automatic crane" is a crane which when activated operates through a preset cycle or cycles.

     (3) A "cab-operated crane" is a crane controlled by an operator in a cab located on the bridge or trolley.

     (4) "Cantilever gantry crane" means a gantry or semigantry crane in which the bridge girders or trusses extend transversely beyond the crane runway on one or both sides.

     (5) "Floor-operated crane" means a crane which is pendant or nonconductive rope controlled by an operator on the floor or an independent platform.

     (6) "Gantry crane" means a crane similar to an overhead crane except that the bridge for carrying the trolley or trolleys is rigidly supported on two or more legs running on fixed rails or other runway.

     (7) "Hot metal handling crane" means an overhead crane used for transporting or pouring molten material.

     (8) "Overhead crane" means a crane with a movable bridge carrying a movable or fixed hoisting mechanism and traveling on an overhead fixed runway structure.

     (9) "Power-operated crane" means a crane whose mechanism is driven by electric, air, hydraulic, or internal combustion means.

     (10) A "pulpit-operated crane" is a crane operated from a fixed operator station not attached to the crane.

     (11) A "remote-operated crane" is a crane controlled by an operator not in a pulpit or in the cab attached to the crane, by any method other than pendant or rope control.

     (12) A "semigantry crane" is a gantry crane with one end of the bridge rigidly supported on one or more legs that run on a fixed rail or runway, the other end of the bridge being supported by a truck running on an elevated rail or runway.

     (13) "Storage bridge crane" means a gantry type crane of long span usually used for bulk storage of material; the bridge girders or trusses are rigidly or nonrigidly supported on one or more legs. It may have one or more fixed or hinged cantilever ends.

     (14) "Wall crane" means a crane having a jib with or without trolley and supported from a side wall or line of columns of a building. It is a traveling type and operates on a runway attached to the side wall or columns.

     (15) "Appointed" means assigned specific responsibilities by the employer or the employer's representative.

     (16) "ANSI" means the American National Standards Institute.

     (17) An "auxiliary hoist" is a supplemental hoisting unit of lighter capacity and usually higher speed than provided for the main hoist.

     (18) A "brake" is a device used for retarding or stopping motion by friction or power means.

     (19) A "drag brake" is a brake which provides retarding force without external control.

     (20) A "holding brake" is a brake that automatically prevents motion when power is off.

     (21) "Bridge" means that part of a crane consisting of girders, trucks, end ties, footwalks, and drive mechanism which carries the trolley or trollies.

     (22) "Bridge travel" means the crane movement in a direction parallel to the crane runway.

     (23) A "bumper" (buffer) is an energy absorbing device for reducing impact when a moving crane or trolley reaches the end of its permitted travel; or when two moving cranes or trolleys come in contact.

     (24) The "cab" is the operator's compartment on a crane.

     (25) "Clearance" means the distance from any part of the crane to a point of the nearest obstruction.

     (26) "Collectors" (current) are contacting devices for collecting current from runway or bridge conductors.

     (27) "Conductors, bridge" are the electrical conductors located along the bridge structure of a crane to provide power to the trolley.

     (28) "Conductors, runway" (main) are the electrical conductors located along a crane runway to provide power to the crane.

     (29) The "control braking means" is a method of controlling crane motor speed when in an overhauling condition.

     (30) "Countertorque" means a method of control by which the power to the motor is reversed to develop torque in the opposite direction.

     (31) "Dynamic" means a method of controlling crane motor speeds when in the overhauling condition to provide a retarding force.

     (32) "Regenerative" means a form of dynamic braking in which the electrical energy generated is fed back into the power system.

     (33) "Mechanical" means a method of control by friction.

     (34) "Controller, spring return" means a controller which when released will return automatically to a neutral position.

     (35) "Designated" means selected or assigned by the employer or the employer's representative as being qualified to perform specific duties.

     (36) A "drift point" means a point on a travel motion controller which releases the brake while the motor is not energized. This allows for coasting before the brake is set.

     (37) The "drum" is the cylindrical member around which the ropes are wound for raising or lowering the load.

     (38) An "equalizer" is a device which compensates for unequal length or stretch of a rope.

     (39) "Exposed" means capable of being contacted inadvertently. Applied to hazardous objects not adequately guarded or isolated.

     (40) "Fail-safe" means a provision designed to automatically stop or safely control any motion in which a malfunction occurs.

     (41) "Footwalk" means the walkway with handrail, attached to the bridge or trolley for access purposes.

     (42) A "hoist" is an apparatus which may be a part of a crane, exerting a force for lifting or lowering.

     (43) "Hoist chain" means the load bearing chain in a hoist.

Note:

Chain properties do not conform to those shown in ANSI B30.9-1971, Safety Code for Slings.

     (44) "Hoist motion" means that motion of a crane which raises and lowers a load.

     (45) "Load" means the total superimposed weight on the load block or hook.

     (46) The "load block" is the assembly of hook or shackle, swivel, bearing, sheaves, pins, and frame suspended by the hoisting rope.

     (47) "Magnet" means an electromagnetic device carried on a crane hook to pick up loads magnetically.

     (48) "Main hoist" means the hoist mechanism provided for lifting the maximum rated load.

     (49) A "man trolley" is a trolley having an operator's cab attached thereto.

     (50) "Rated load" means the maximum load for which a crane or individual hoist is designed and built by the manufacturer and shown on the equipment nameplate(s).

     (51) "Rope" refers to wire rope, unless otherwise specified.

     (52) "Running sheave" means a sheave which rotates as the load block is raised or lowered.

     (53) "Runway" means an assembly of rails, beams, girders, brackets, and framework on which the crane or trolley travels.

     (54) "Side pull" means that portion of the hoist pull acting horizontally when the hoist lines are not operated vertically.

     (55) "Span" means the horizontal distance center to center of runway rails.

     (56) "Standby crane" means a crane which is not in regular service but which is used occasionally or intermittently as required.

     (57) A "stop" is a device to limit travel of a trolley or crane bridge. This device normally is attached to a fixed structure and normally does not have energy absorbing ability.

     (58) A "switch" is a device for making, breaking, or for changing the connections in an electric circuit.

     (59) An "emergency stop switch" is a manually or automatically operated electric switch to cut off electric power independently of the regular operating controls.

     (60) A "limit switch" is a switch which is operated by some part or motion of a power-driven machine or equipment to alter the electric circuit associated with the machine or equipment.

     (61) A "main switch" is a switch controlling the entire power supply to the crane.

     (62) A "master switch" is a switch which dominates the operation of contractors, relays, or other remotely operated devices.

     (63) The "trolley" is the unit which travels on the bridge rails and carries the hoisting mechanism.

     (64) "Trolley travel" means the trolley movement at right angles to the crane runway.

     (65) "Truck" means the unit consisting of a frame, wheels, bearings, and axles which supports the bridge girders or trolleys.



[Order 73-5, § 296-24-23501, filed 5/9/73 and Order 73-4, § 296-24-23501, filed 5/7/73.]

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296-24-23503
General requirements.

  (1) Application. This section applies to overhead and gantry cranes, including semigantry, cantilever gantry, wall cranes, storage bridge cranes, and others having the same fundamental characteristics. These cranes are grouped because they all have trolleys and similar travel characteristics.

     (2) New and existing equipment. All new overhead and gantry cranes constructed and installed on or after the effective date of these standards, shall meet the design specifications of the American National Standards Institute, Safety Code for Overhead and Gantry Cranes, ANSI B30.2.0-1967. Overhead and gantry cranes constructed before the effective date of these standards, should be modified to conform to those design specifications, unless it can be shown that the crane cannot feasibly or economically be altered and that the crane substantially complies with the requirements of this section. (See chapter 296-900 WAC, Administrative rules, for information on applying for a variance.)

     (3) Modifications. Cranes may be modified and rerated provided such modifications and the supporting structure are checked thoroughly for the new rated load by a qualified engineer or the equipment manufacturer. The crane shall be tested in accordance with WAC 296-24-23521(2). New rated load shall be displayed in accordance with (5) of this section.

     (4) Wind indicators and rail clamps.

     (a) Outdoor storage bridges shall be provided with automatic rail clamps. A wind-indicating device shall be provided which will give a visible or audible alarm to the bridge operator at a predetermined wind velocity. If the clamps act on the rail heads, any beads or weld flash on the rail heads shall be ground off.

     (b) Calculations for wind pressure on outside overhead traveling cranes shall be based on not less than 30 pounds per square foot of exposed surface.

     (5) Rated load marking. The rated load of the crane shall be plainly marked on each side of the crane, and if the crane has more than one hoisting unit, each hoist shall have its rated load marked on it or its load block and this marking shall be clearly legible from the ground or floor.

     (6) Clearance from obstruction.

     (a) Minimum clearance of 3 inches overhead and 2 inches laterally shall be provided and maintained between crane and obstructions in conformity with Specification No. 61 Crane Manufactures Association of America, Inc., 8720 Red Oak Blvd., Suite 201, Charlotte, NC 28217.

     (b) Where passageways or walkways are provided obstructions shall not be placed so that safety of personnel will be jeopardized by movements of the crane.

     (7) Clearance between parallel cranes. If the runways of two cranes are parallel, and there are no intervening walls or structure, there shall be adequate clearance provided and maintained between the two bridges.

     (8) Designated personnel. Only designated personnel shall be permitted to operate a crane covered by this section.



[Statutory Authority: RCW 49.17.010, 49.17.040, 49.17.050, 49.17.060. 07-03-163, § 296-24-23503, filed 1/24/07, effective 4/1/07. Statutory Authority: RCW 49.17.010,[49.17].040 , and [49.17].050. 01-11-038, § 296-24-23503, filed 5/9/01, effective 9/1/01. Statutory Authority: Chapter 49.17 RCW. 94-15-096 (Order 94-07), § 296-24-23503, filed 7/20/94, effective 9/20/94; Order 74-27, § 296-24-23503, filed 5/7/74; Order 73-5, § 296-24-23503, filed 5/9/73 and Order 73-4, § 296-24-23503, filed 5/7/73.]

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296-24-23505
Cabs.

  (1) Cab location.

     (a) The general arrangement of the cab and the location of control and protective equipment shall be such that all operating handles are within convenient reach of the operator when facing the area to be served by the load hook, or while facing the direction of travel of the cab. The arrangement shall allow the operator a full view of the load hook in all positions.

     (b) The cab shall be located to afford a minimum of 3 inches clearance from all fixed structures within its area of possible movement.

     (c) The clearance of the cab above the working floor or passageway should be not less than seven feet.

     (2) Access to crane. Access to the cab and/or bridge walkway shall be by a conveniently placed fixed ladder, stairs, or platform, requiring no step over any gap exceeding 12 inches. Fixed ladders shall be in conformance with the American National Standards Institute, Safety Code for Fixed Ladders, ANSI A14.3-1956.

     (3) Fire extinguisher. A carbon dioxide, dry-chemical, or equivalent hand fire extinguisher should be kept in the cab. Carbon tetrachloride extinguishers shall not be used.

Note:

For additional requirements relating to portable fire extinguishers see WAC 296-800-300.

     (4) Lighting. Light in the cab shall be sufficient to enable the operator to see clearly enough to perform the work.



[Statutory Authority: RCW 49.17.010, [49.17].040, and[49.17].050 . 01-17-033, § 296-24-23505, filed 8/8/01, effective 9/1/01. Statutory Authority: Chapter 49.17 RCW. 94-15-096 (Order 94-07), § 296-24-23505, filed 7/20/94, effective 9/20/94; Order 73-5, § 296-24-23505, filed 5/9/73 and Order 73-4, § 296-24-23505, filed 5/7/73.]

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296-24-23507
Footwalks and ladders.

  (1) Location of footwalks.

     (a) If sufficient headroom is available on cab-operated cranes, a footwalk shall be provided on the drive side along the entire length of the bridge of all cranes having the trolley running on the top of the girders. To give sufficient access to the opposite side of the trolley, there should be provided either a footwalk mounted on the trolley, a suitable footwalk or platform in the building, or a footwalk on the opposite side of the crane at least twice the length of the trolley.

     (b) Footwalks should be located to give a headroom not less than 78 inches. In no case shall less than 48 inches be provided. If 48 inches of headroom cannot be provided, footwalks should be omitted from the crane and a stationary platform or landing stage built for workers making repairs.

     (2) Construction of footwalks.

     (a) Footwalks shall be of rigid construction and designed to sustain a distributed load of at least 50 pounds per square foot.

     (b) Footwalks shall have a walking surface of antislip type.

Note:

Wood will meet this requirement.

     (c) Footwalks should be continuous and permanently secured.

     (d) Footwalks should have a clear passageway at least 18 inches wide except opposite the bridge motor, where they should be not less than 15 inches. The inner edge shall extend at least to the line of the outside edge of the lower cover plate or flange of the girder.

     (3) Toeboards and handrails for footwalks. Toeboards and handrails shall be in compliance with WAC 296-24-750 through296-24-75011 and WAC 296-800-260.

     (4) Ladders and stairways.

     (a) Gantry cranes shall be provided with ladders or stairways extending from the ground to the footwalk or cab platform.

     (b) Stairways shall be equipped with rigid and substantial metal handrails. Walking surfaces shall be of an antislip type.

     (c) Ladders shall be permanently and securely fastened in place and shall be constructed in compliance with chapter 296-876 WAC, Ladders, portable and fixed.



[Statutory Authority: RCW 49.17.010, 49.17.040, 49.17.050, 49.17.060. 06-16-020, § 296-24-23507, filed 7/24/06, effective 12/1/06. Statutory Authority: RCW 49.17.010,[49.17].040 , and [49.17].050. 01-11-038, § 296-24-23507, filed 5/9/01, effective 9/1/01. Statutory Authority: Chapter 49.17 RCW. 94-15-096 (Order 94-07), § 296-24-23507, filed 7/20/94, effective 9/20/94; Order 73-5, § 296-24-23507, filed 5/9/73 and Order 73-4, § 296-24-23507, filed 5/7/73.]

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296-24-23509
Stops, bumpers, rail sweeps, and guards.

  (1) Trolley stops.

     (a) Stops shall be provided at the limits of travel of the trolley.

     (b) Stops shall be fastened to resist forces applied when contacted.

     (c) A stop engaging the tread of the wheel shall be of a height at least equal to the radius of the wheel.

     (2) Bridge bumpers.

     (a) A crane shall be provided with bumpers or other automatic means providing equivalent effect, unless the crane travels at a slow rate of speed and has a faster deceleration rate due to the use of sleeve bearings, or is not operated near the ends of bridge and trolley travel, or is restricted to a limited distance by the nature of the crane operation and there is no hazard of striking any object in this limited distance or is used in similar operating conditions. The bumpers shall be capable of stopping the crane (not including the lifted load) at an average rate of deceleration not to exceed 3 ft/s/s when traveling in either direction at 20 percent of the rated load speed.

     (i) The bumpers shall have sufficient energy absorbing capacity to stop the crane when traveling at a speed of at least 40 percent of rated load speed.

     (ii) The bumpers shall be so mounted that there is no direct shear on bolts.

     (iii) Bumpers shall be so designed and installed as to minimize parts falling from the crane in case of breakage.

     (3) Trolley bumpers.

     (a) A trolley shall be provided with bumpers or other automatic means of equivalent effect, unless the trolley travels at a slow rate of speed, or is not operated near the ends of bridge and trolley travel, or is restricted to a limited distance of the runway and there is no hazard of striking any object in this limited distance, or is used in similar operating conditions. The bumpers shall be capable of stopping the trolley (not including the lifted load) at an average rate of deceleration not to exceed 4.7 ft./s/s when traveling in either direction at one-third of the rated load speed.

     (i) When more than one trolley is operated on the same bridge, each shall be equipped with bumpers or equivalent on their adjacent ends.

     (b) Bumpers or equivalent shall be designed and installed to minimize parts falling from the trolley in case of age.

     (4) Rail sweeps. Bridge trucks shall be equipped with sweeps which extend below the top of the rail and project in front of the truck wheels.

     (5) Guards for hoisting ropes.

     (a) If hoisting ropes run near enough to other parts to make fouling or chafing possible, guards shall be installed to prevent this condition.

     (b) A guard shall be provided to prevent contact between bridge conductors and hoisting ropes if they could come into contact.

     (6) Guards for moving parts.

     (a) Exposed moving parts such as gears, set screws, projecting keys, chains, chain sprockets, and reciprocating components which might constitute a hazard under normal operating conditions shall be guarded.

     (b) Guards shall be securely fastened.

     (c) Each guard shall be capable of supporting without permanent distortion the weight of a 200-pound person unless the guard is located where it is impossible for a person to step on it.



[Statutory Authority: RCW 49.17.040, 49.17.050, 49.17.240, chapters 43.22 and 42.30 RCW. 80-17-015 (Order 80-21), § 296-24-23509, filed 11/13/80; Order 74-27, § 296-24-23509, filed 5/7/74; Order 73-5, § 296-24-23509, filed 5/9/73 and Order 73-4, § 296-24-23509, filed 5/7/73.]

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296-24-23511
Brakes.

  (1) Brakes for hoists.

     (a) Each independent hoisting unit of a crane shall be equipped with at least one self-setting brake, hereafter referred to as a holding brake, applied directly to the motor shaft or some part of the gear train.

     (b) Each independent hoisting unit of a crane, except worm-geared hoists, the angle of whose worm is such as to prevent the load from accelerating in the lowering direction shall, in addition to a holding brake, be equipped with control braking means to prevent overspeeding.

     (2) Holding brakes.

     (a) Holding brakes for hoist motors shall have not less than the following percentage of the full load hoisting torque at the point where the brake is applied.

     (i) 125 percent when used with a control braking means other than mechanical.

     (ii) 100 percent when used in conjunction with a mechanical control braking means.

     (iii) 100 percent each if two holding brakes are provided.

     (b) Holding brakes on hoists shall have ample thermal capacity for the frequency of operation required by the service.

     (c) Holding brakes on hoists shall be applied automatically when power is removed.

     (d) Where necessary holding brakes shall be provided with adjustment means to compensate for wear.

     (e) The wearing surface of all holding-brake drums or discs shall be smooth.

     (f) Each independent hoisting unit of a crane handling hot metal and having power control braking means shall be equipped with at least two holding brakes.

     (3) Control braking means.

     (a) A power control braking means such as regenerative, dynamic or countertorque braking, or a mechanically controlled braking means shall be capable of maintaining safe lowering speeds of rated loads.

     (b) The control braking means shall have ample thermal capacity for the frequency of operation required by service.

     (4) Brakes for trolleys and bridges.

     (a) Foot operated brakes shall not require an applied force of more than 70 pounds to develop manufacturer's rated brake torque.

     (b) Brakes may be applied by mechanical, electrical, pneumatic, hydraulic, or gravity means.

     (c) Where necessary brakes shall be provided with adjustment means to compensate for wear.

     (d) The wearing surface of all brake drums or discs shall be smooth.

     (e) All foot-brake pedals shall be constructed so that the operator's foot will not easily slip off the pedal.

     (f) Foot-operated brakes shall be equipped with automatic means for positive release when pressure is released from the pedal.

     (g) Brakes for stopping the motion of the trolley or bridge shall be of sufficient size to stop the trolley or bridge within a distance in feet equal to 10 percent of full load speed in feet per minute when traveling at full speed with full load.

     (h) If holding brakes are provided on the bridge or trolley(s), they shall not prohibit the use of a drift point in the control circuit.

     (i) Brakes on trolleys and bridges shall have ample thermal capacity for the frequency of operation required by the service to prevent impairment of functions from overheating.

     (5) Application of trolley brakes.

     (a) On cab-operated cranes with cab on trolley, a trolley brake shall be required as specified under (4) of this section.

     (b) A drag brake may be applied to hold the trolley in a desired position on the bridge and to eliminate creep with the power off.

     (6) Application of bridge brakes.

     (a) On cab-operated cranes with cab on bridge, a bridge brake is required as specified under (4) of this section.

     (b) On cab-operated cranes with cab on trolley, a bridge brake of the holding type shall be required.

     (c) On all floor, remote and pulpit-operated crane bridge drives, a brake or noncoasting mechanical drive shall be provided.



[Order 73-5, § 296-24-23511, filed 5/9/73 and Order 73-4, § 296-24-23511, filed 5/7/73.]

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296-24-23513
Electric equipment.

  (1) General.

     (a) Wiring and equipment shall comply with chapter 296-24 WAC Part L, and WAC 296-800-280.

     (b) The control circuit voltage shall not exceed 600 volts for a.c. or d.c. current.

     (c) The voltage at pendant pushbuttons shall not exceed 150 volts for a.c. and 300 volts for d.c.

     (d) Where multiple conductor cable is used with a suspended pushbutton station, the station shall be supported in a manner that will protect the electrical conductors against strain.

     (e) Pendant control boxes shall be constructed to prevent electrical shock and shall be clearly marked for identification of functions.

     (2) Equipment.

     (a) Electrical equipment shall be so located or enclosed that live parts will not be exposed to accidental contact under normal operating conditions.

     (b) Electric equipment shall be protected from dirt, grease, oil, and moisture.

     (c) Guards for live parts shall be substantial and so located that they cannot be accidentally deformed so as to make contact with the live parts.

     (3) Controllers.

     (a) Cranes not equipped with spring-return controllers or momentary contact pushbuttons shall be provided with a device which will disconnect all motors from the line on failure of power and will not permit any motor to be restarted until the controller handle is brought to the "off" position, or a reset switch or button is operated.

     (b) Lever operated controllers shall be provided with a notch or latch which in the "off" position prevents the handle from being inadvertently moved to the "on" position. An "off" detent or spring return arrangement is acceptable.

     (c) The controller operating handle shall be located within convenient reach of the operator.

     (d) As far as practicable, the movement of each controller handle shall be in the same general directions as the resultant movements of the load.

     (e) The control for the bridge and trolley travel shall be so located that the operator can readily face the direction of travel.

     (f) For floor-operated cranes, the controller or controllers if rope operated, shall automatically return to the "off" position when released by the operator.

     (g) Pushbuttons in pendant stations shall return to the off position when pressure is released by the crane operator.

     (h) Automatic cranes shall be so designed that all motions shall fail-safe if any malfunction of operation occurs.

     (i) Remote-operated cranes shall function so that if the control signal for any crane motion becomes ineffective the crane motion shall stop.

     (4) Resistors.

     (a) Enclosures for resistors shall have openings to provide adequate ventilation, and shall be installed to prevent the accumulation of combustible matter near hot parts.

     (b) Resistor units shall be supported so as to be free as possible from vibration.

     (c) Provision shall be made to prevent broken parts or molten metal falling upon the operator or from the crane.

     (5) Switches.

     (a) The power supply to the runway conductors shall be controlled by a switch or circuit breaker located on a fixed structure, accessible from the floor, and arranged to be locked in the open position.

     (b) On cab-operated cranes a switch or circuit breaker of the enclosed type, with provision for locking in the open position shall be provided in the leads from the runway conductors. A means of opening this switch or circuit breaker shall be located within easy reach of the operator.

     (c) On floor-operated cranes, a switch or circuit breaker of the enclosed type, with provision for locking in the open position, shall be provided in the leads from the runway conductors. This disconnect shall be mounted on the bridge or footwalk near the runway collectors. One of the following types of floor operated disconnects shall be provided:

     (i) Nonconductive rope attached to the main disconnect switch.

     (ii) An undervoltage trip for the main circuit breaker operated by an emergency stop button in the pendant pushbutton station.

     (iii) A main line contactor operated by a switch or pushbutton in the pendant pushbutton station.

     (d) The hoisting motion of all electric traveling cranes shall be provided with an overtravel limit switch in the hoisting direction.

     (e) All cranes using a lifting magnet shall have a magnet circuit switch of the enclosed type with provision for locking in the open position. Means for discharging the inductive load of the magnet shall be provided.

     (6) Runway conductors. Conductors of the open type mounted on the crane runway beams or overhead shall be so located or so guarded that persons entering or leaving the cab or crane footwalk normally could not come into contact with them.

     (7) Extension lamps. If a service receptacle is provided in the cab or on the bridge of cab-operated cranes, it shall be a grounded three-prong type permanent receptacle, not exceeding 300 volts.

     (8) Floor operated cranes.

     (a) An unobstructed aisle not less than three feet wide shall be maintained for travel of the operator except in such cases where the control handles are hung from the trolleys of traveling cranes.

     (b) The handles of control ropes shall be distinctly different in contour so that, without looking, the operator will know which is the hoisting and which is the lowering handle. The direction of all movements of the crane shall be clearly indicated in some manner so that the operator can easily become familiar with them.

     (c) When repairing runways, repairpersons shall place rail stops and warning signs or signals so as to protect both ends of the section to be repaired.

     (d) Repairpersons shall take care to prevent loose parts from falling or being thrown upon the floor beneath.



[Statutory Authority: RCW 49.17.010, [49.17].040, and[49.17].050 . 01-11-038, § 296-24-23513, filed 5/9/01, effective 9/1/01. Statutory Authority: Chapter 49.17 RCW. 91-24-017 (Order 91-07), § 296-24-23513, filed 11/22/91, effective 12/24/91; Order 73-5, § 296-24-23513, filed 5/9/73 and Order 73-4, § 296-24-23513, filed 5/7/73.]

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296-24-23515
Hoisting equipment.

  (1) Sheaves.

     (a) Sheave grooves shall be smooth and free from surface defects which could cause rope damage.

     (b) Sheaves carrying ropes which can be momentarily unloaded shall be provided with close-fitting guards or other suitable devices to guide the rope back into the groove when the load is applied again.

     (c) The sheaves in the bottom block shall be equipped with close-fitting guards that will prevent ropes from becoming fouled when the block is laying on the ground with ropes loose.

     (d) Pockets and flanges of sheaves used with hoist chains shall be of such dimensions that the chain does not catch or bind during operation.

     (e) All running sheaves shall be equipped with means for lubrication. Permanently lubricated, sealed and/or shielded bearings meet this requirement.

     (2) Ropes.

     (a) In using hoisting ropes, the crane manufacturer's recommendation shall be followed. The rated load divided by the number of parts of rope shall not exceed 20 percent of the nominal breaking strength of the rope.

     (b) Socketing shall be done in the manner specified by the manufacturer of the assembly.

     (c) Rope shall be secured to the drum as follows:

     (i) No less than two wraps of rope shall remain on the drum when the hook is in its extreme low position.

     (ii) Rope end shall be anchored by a clamp securely attached to the drum, or by a socket arrangement approved by the crane or rope manufacturer.

     (d) Rope clips attached with U-bolts shall have the U-bolts on the dead or short end of the rope. Spacing and number of all types of clips shall be in accordance with (2)(e) of this section. Clips shall be drop-forged steel in all sizes manufactured commercially. When a newly installed rope has been in operation for an hour, all nuts on the clip bolts shall be retightened.


     (e)

Diameter of Rope				Number of Clips Required	Space Between Clips
1	1/2		inch	8	10			inches
1	3/8		inch	7	9			inches
1	1/4		inch	6	8			inches
1	1/8		inch	5	7			inches
1			inch	5	6			inches
	7/8		inch	5	5	1/4		inches
	3/4		inch	5	4	1/2		inches
3/8 to 5/8			inch	4	3			inches

     (f) Swaged or compressed fittings shall be applied as recommended by the rope or crane manufacturer.

     (g) Wherever exposed to temperatures, at which fiber cores would be damaged, rope having an independent wire-rope or wire-strand core, or other temperature-damage resistant core shall be used.

     (h) Replacement rope shall be the same size, grade, and construction as the original rope furnished by the crane manufacturer, unless otherwise recommended by a wire rope manufacturer due to actual working condition requirements.

     (3) Equalizers. If a load is supported by more than one part of rope, the tension in the parts shall be equalized.

     (4) Hooks. Hooks shall meet the manufacturer's recommendations and shall not be overloaded. Safety latch-type hooks shall be used or the hook shall be moused.



[Statutory Authority: RCW 49.17.040, 49.17.050, 49.17.240, chapters 43.22 and 42.30 RCW. 80-17-015 (Order 80-21), § 296-24-23515, filed 11/13/80. Statutory Authority: RCW 49.17.040, 49.17.150, and 49.17.240. 79-08-115 (Order 79-9), § 296-24-23515, filed 7/31/79; Order 73-5, § 296-24-23515, filed 5/9/73 and Order 73-4, § 296-24-23515, filed 5/7/73.]

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296-24-23517
Warning device.

  Except for floor operated cranes a gong or other effective warning signal shall be provided for each crane equipped with a powered traveling mechanism.



[Order 73-5, § 296-24-23517, filed 5/9/73 and Order 73-4, § 296-24-23517, filed 5/7/73.]

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296-24-23519
Inspection.

  (1) Inspection classification.

     (a) Initial inspection. Prior to initial use all new and altered cranes shall be inspected to insure compliance with the provisions of these standards.

     (b) Inspection procedure for cranes in regular service is divided into two general classifications based upon the intervals at which inspection should be performed. The intervals in turn are dependent upon the nature of the critical components of the crane and the degree of their exposure to wear, deterioration, or malfunction. The two general classifications are herein designated as "frequent" and "periodic" with respective intervals between inspections as defined below:

     (i) Frequent inspection - Daily to monthly intervals.

     (ii) Periodic inspection - 1 to 12 month intervals.

     (2) Frequent inspection. The following items shall be inspected for defects at intervals as defined in (1)(b) of this section or as specifically indicated, including observation during operation for any defects which might appear between regular inspections. All deficiencies such as listed shall be carefully examined and determination made as to whether they constitute a safety hazard:

     (a) All functional operating mechanisms for maladjustment interfering with proper operation. Daily.

     (b) Deterioration or leakage in lines, tanks, valves, drain pumps, and other parts of air or hydraulic systems. Daily.

     (c) Hooks with deformation or cracks. Visual inspection daily; monthly inspection with signed reports. For hooks with cracks or having more than 15 percent in excess of normal throat opening or more than 10° twist from the plane of the unbent hook refer to WAC 296-24-23523 (3)(c)(i).

     (d) Hoist or load attachment chains, including end connections, for excessive wear, twist, distorted links interfering with proper function, or stretch beyond manufacturer's recommendations. Visual inspection daily; monthly inspection with signed report.

     (e) Rope slings, including end connections, for excessive wear, broken wires, stretch, kinking, or twisting. Visual inspection daily; monthly inspection with signed report.

     (f) All functional operating mechanisms for excessive wear of components.

     (g) Rope reeving for noncompliance with manufacturer's recommendations.

     (3) Periodic inspection. Complete inspections of the crane shall be performed at intervals as generally defined in (l)(b)(ii) of this section, depending upon its activity, severity of service, and environment, or as specifically indicated below. These inspections shall include the requirements of (2) of this section and in addition, the following items. Any deficiencies such as listed shall be carefully examined and determination made as to whether they constitute a safety hazard:

     (a) Deformed, cracked, or corroded members.

     (b) Loose bolts or rivets.

     (c) Cracked or worn sheaves and drums.

     (d) Worn, cracked or distorted parts such as pins, bearings, shafts, gears, rollers, locking and clamping devices.

     (e) Excessive wear on brake system parts, linings, pawls, and ratchets.

     (f) Load, wind, and other indicators over their full range, for any significant inaccuracies.

     (g) Gasoline, diesel, electric, or other powerplants for improper performance or noncompliance with applicable safety requirements.

     (h) Excessive wear of chain drive sprockets and excessive chain stretch.

     (i) Crane hooks. Magnetic particle or other suitable crack detecting inspection should be performed at least once each year.

     (j) Electrical apparatus, for signs of pitting or any deterioration of controller contactors, limit switches and pushbutton stations.

     (4) Cranes not in regular use.

     (a) A crane which has been idle for a period of 1 month or more, but less than 6 months, shall be given an inspection conforming with requirements of (2) of this section and WAC 296-24-23525(2), before placing in service.

     (b) A crane which has been idle for a period of over 6 months shall be given a complete inspection conforming with requirements of (2) and (3) of this section and WAC 296-24-23525(2) before placing in service.

     (c) Standby cranes shall be inspected at least semi-annually in accordance with requirements of (2) of this section and WAC 296-24-23525(2). Standby cranes exposed to adverse environment should be inspected more frequently.



[Order 73-5, § 296-24-23519, filed 5/9/73 and Order 73-4, § 296-24-23519, filed 5/7/73.]

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296-24-23521
Testing.

  (1) Operational tests.

     (a) Prior to initial use all new and altered cranes shall be tested to insure compliance with this section including the following functions:

     (i) Hoisting and lowering.

     (ii) Trolley travel.

     (iii) Bridge travel.

     (iv) Limit switches, locking and safety devices.

     (b) The trip setting of hoist limit switches shall be determined by tests with an empty hook traveling in increasing speeds up to the maximum speed. The actuating mechanism of the limit switch shall be located so that it will trip the switch, under all conditions, in sufficient time to prevent contact of the hook or hook block with any part of the trolley.

     (2) Rated load test. Prior to initial use all new, extensively repaired, and altered cranes should be tested by or under the direction of an appointed or authorized person, confirming the load rating of the crane. The load rating should not be more than 80 percent of the maximum load sustained during the test. Test loads shall not be more than 125 percent of the rated load unless otherwise recommended by the manufacturer. The tests reports shall be placed on file where readily available to appointed personnel.



[Order 73-5, § 296-24-23521, filed 5/9/73 and Order 73-4, § 296-24-23521, filed 5/7/73.]

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296-24-23523
Maintenance.

  (1) Preventive maintenance. A preventive maintenance program based on the crane manufacturer's recommendations shall be established.

     (2) Maintenance procedure.

     (a) Before adjustments and repairs are started on a crane the following precautions shall be taken:

     (i) The crane to be repaired shall be run to a location where it will cause the least interference with other cranes and operations in the area.

     (ii) All controllers shall be at the off position.

     (iii) The main or emergency switch shall be open and locked in the open position.

     (iv) Warning or "out of order" signs shall be placed on the crane, also on the floor beneath or on the hook where visible from the floor.

     (v) Where other cranes are in operation on the same runway, rail stops or other suitable means shall be provided to prevent interference with the idle crane.

     (vi) Where temporary protective rail stops are not available, or practical, a signalperson should be placed at a visual vantage point for observing the approach of an active crane and warning its operator when reaching the limit of safe distance from the idle crane.

     (b) After adjustments and repairs have been made the crane shall not be operated until all guards have been reinstalled, safety devices reactivated and maintenance equipment removed.

     (3) Adjustments and repairs.

     (a) Any unsafe conditions disclosed by the inspection requirements of WAC 296-24-23519 shall be corrected before operation of the crane is resumed. Adjustments and repairs shall be done only by designated personnel.

     (b) Adjustments shall be maintained to assure correct functioning of components. The following are examples:

     (i) All functional operating mechanisms.

     (ii) Limit switches.

     (iii) Control systems.

     (iv) Brakes.

     (v) Power plants.

     (c) Repairs or replacements shall be provided promptly as needed for safe operation. The following are examples:

     (i) Accessory components, such as hooks, shall be carefully examined periodically and at the time of annual examination and inspection. Cracked or deformed hooks shall be discarded immediately and not reused on any equipment subject to the provisions of this code.

     (ii) Load attachment chains and rope slings showing defects described in WAC 296-24-23519 (2)(d) and (e) respectively.

     (iii) All critical parts which are cracked, broken, bent, or excessively worn.

     (iv) Pendant control stations shall be kept clean and function labels kept legible.



[Statutory Authority: Chapter 49.17 RCW. 94-15-096 (Order 94-07), § 296-24-23523, filed 7/20/94, effective 9/20/94; Order 73-5, § 296-24-23523, filed 5/9/73 and Order 73-4, § 296-24-23523, filed 5/7/73.]

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296-24-23525
Rope inspection.

  (1) Running ropes. A thorough inspection of all ropes shall be made at least once a month and a full written, dated, and signed report of rope condition kept on file where readily available to appointed personnel. Any deterioration, resulting in appreciable loss of original strength, such as described below, shall be carefully noted and determination made as to whether further use of the rope would constitute a safety hazard:

     (a) Reduction of rope diameter below nominal diameter due to loss of core support, internal or external corrosion, or wear of outside wires.

     (b) A number of broken outside wires and the degree of distribution or concentration of such broken wires.

     (c) Worn outside wires.

     (d) Corroded or broken wires at end connections.

     (e) Corroded, cracked, bent, worn, or improperly applied end connections.

     (f) Severe kinking, crushing, cutting, or unstranding.

     (2) Other ropes. All rope which has been idle for a period of a month or more due to shutdown or storage of a crane on which it is installed shall be given a thorough inspection before it is placed in service. This inspection shall be for all types of deterioration and shall be performed by an appointed person whose approval shall be required for further use of the rope. A written and dated report of the rope condition shall be available for inspection.



[Statutory Authority: RCW 49.17.040, 49.17.050, 49.17.240, chapters 43.22 and 42.30 RCW. 80-17-015 (Order 80-21), § 296-24-23525, filed 11/13/80; Order 73-5, § 296-24-23525, filed 5/9/73 and Order 73-4, § 296-24-23525, filed 5/7/73.]

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296-24-23527
Handling the load.

  (1) Size of load. The crane shall not be loaded beyond its rated load except for test purposes as provided in WAC 296-24-23521.

     (2) Attaching the load.

     (a) The hoist chain or hoist rope shall be free from kinks or twists and shall not be wrapped around the load.

     (b) The load shall be attached to the load block hook by means of slings or other approved devices.

     (c) Care shall be taken to make certain that the sling clears all obstacles.

     (3) Moving the load.

     (a) The load shall be well secured and properly balanced in the sling or lifting device before it is lifted more than a few inches.

     (b) Before starting to hoist the following conditions shall be noted:

     (i) Hoist rope shall not be kinked.

     (ii) Multiple part lines shall not be twisted around each other.

     (iii) The hook shall be brought over the load in such a manner as to prevent swinging.

     (c) During hoisting care shall be taken that:

     (i) There is no sudden acceleration or deceleration of the moving load.

     (ii) The load does not contact any obstructions.

     (d) Cranes shall not be used for side pulls except when specifically authorized by a responsible person who has determined that the stability of the crane is not thereby endangered and that various parts of the crane will not be overstressed.

     (e) While any employee is on the load or hook, there shall be no hoisting, lowering, or traveling.

     (f) The employer shall require that the operator avoid carrying loads over people.

     (g) The operator shall test the brakes each time a load approaching the rated load is handled. The brakes shall be tested by raising the load a few inches and applying the brakes.

     (h) The load shall not be lowered below the point where less than two full wraps of rope remain on the hoisting drum.

     (i) When two or more cranes are used to lift a load one qualified responsible person shall be in charge of the operation. The qualified person shall analyze the operation and instruct all personnel involved in the proper positioning, rigging of the load, and the movements to be made.

     (j) The employer shall assure that the operator does not leave the control position while the load is suspended.

     (k) When starting the bridge and when the load or hook approaches near or over personnel, the warning signal shall be sounded.

     (4) Hoist limit switch.

     (a) At the beginning of each operator's shift, the upper limit switch of each hoist shall be tried out under no load. Extreme care shall be exercised; the block shall be "inched" into the limit or run in at slow speed. If the switch does not operate properly, the appointed person shall be immediately notified.

     (b) The hoist limit switch which controls the upper limit of travel of the load block shall never be used as an operating control.



[Statutory Authority: Chapter 49.17 RCW. 94-15-096 (Order 94-07), § 296-24-23527, filed 7/20/94, effective 9/20/94; Order 73-5, § 296-24-23527, filed 5/9/73 and Order 73-4, § 296-24-23527, filed 5/7/73.]

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296-24-23529
Operators.

  (1) Cranes shall be operated only by regular crane operators, authorized substitutes who have had adequate experience and training under the supervision of a competent operator, or by crane repairmen or inspectors.

     (2) Crane operators must be able to communicate with others at the worksite sufficiently to understand the signs, notices, operation instructions, and the signal code in use to ensure safe operation of the crane.

     (3) No minor under eighteen years of age shall be employed in occupations involving the operation of any power-driven hoisting apparatus or assisting in such operations by work such as hooking on, loading slings, rigging gear, etc.

     (4) No person shall be permitted to operate a crane whose hearing or eye-sight is impaired, or who may be suffering from heart disease or similar ailments. The following physical qualifications shall be minimum requirements for overhead and gantry crane operators and trainees:

     (a) They shall have vision of at least 20/30 in one eye, and 20/50 in the other, with or without corrective lenses.

     (b) They shall be able to distinguish colors, regardless of position of colors, if color differential is required for operation.

     (c) Their hearing, with or without hearing aid, must be adequate for a specific operation.

     (d) They shall have sufficient strength, endurance, agility, coordination, and speed of reaction to meet the demands of equipment operation.

     (e) They shall have normal depth perception, field of vision, reaction time, manual dexterity, coordination and no tendencies to dizziness or similar undesirable characteristics.

     (f) Evidence of physical defects, or emotional instability which could render the operator or trainee a hazard to their self or others, or could interfere with their safe performance may be sufficient cause for disqualification. In such cases, specialized clinical or medical judgments or tests shall be required (which include annual medical certification for recovered heart attack patients).

     (g) Evidence that an operator or trainee is subject to seizures or loss of physical control shall be sufficient reason for disqualification. Specialized medical tests shall be required to substantiate these conditions.

     (5) Persons who have recovered from a heart attack shall be exempted from the provisions of subsection (4) of this section, as it pertains to their heart condition, provided:

     (a) A medical release is obtained from their attending medical doctor.

     (b) The release shall state that the operation of a crane will not present a hazard to their self or others.

     (c) An examination by a medical doctor, and renewal of the work release certification is required annually.

     (6) The operator shall be fully familiar with all crane rules and with the crane mechanism and its proper care. Needed adjustments or repairs shall be reported at once to the proper authority.

     (7) The operator shall not eat, smoke or read while actually engaged in the operation of the crane, or operate the crane when physically unfit.

     (8) The operator or someone especially designated shall properly lubricate all working parts of the crane.

     (9) Cranes shall be kept clean.

     (10) Whenever the operator finds the main or emergency switch open, it shall not be closed, even when starting on regular duty, until it is determined that no one is on or about the crane. The crane shall not be oiled or repaired unless the main switch is open.

     (11) If the power goes off, the operator shall immediately throw all controllers to "off" position until the power is again available.

     (12) Before closing the main switch the operator shall make sure that all controllers are in "off" position until the power is again available.

     (13) The operator shall recognize signals only from the employee who is supervising the lift. Operating signals shall follow an established standard. Whistle signals may be used where one crane only is in operation.

     (14) Bumping into runway stops or other cranes shall be avoided. When the operator is ordered to engage with or push other cranes, it shall be done with special care for the safety of persons on or below cranes.

     (15) When lowering a load, the operator shall proceed carefully and make sure the load is under safe control.

     (16) When leaving the cage the operator shall throw all controllers to "off" position and open the main switch.

     (17) If the crane is located out-of-doors the operator shall lock the crane in a secure position to prevent it from being blown along or off the track by a severe wind.

     (18) Operators shall not permit anyone to ride on the load or hooks, unless using a lifeline or safety device approved by the department.



[Statutory Authority: RCW 49.17.010, [49.17].040 and[49.17].050 . 99-17-094, § 296-24-23529, filed 8/17/99, effective 12/1/99. Statutory Authority: Chapter 49.17 RCW. 94-15-096 (Order 94-07), § 296-24-23529, filed 7/20/94, effective 9/20/94. 89-11-035 (Order 89-03), § 296-24-23529, filed 5/15/89, effective 6/30/89; Order 73-5, § 296-24-23529, filed 5/9/73 and Order 73-4, § 296-24-23529, filed 5/7/73.]

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296-24-23531
Other requirements — General.

  (1) Ladders.

     (a) The employer shall insure that hands are free from encumbrances while personnel are using ladders.

     (b) Articles which are too large to be carried in pockets or belts shall be lifted and lowered by hand line.

     (2) Cabs.

     (a) Necessary clothing and personal belongings shall be stored in such a manner as not to interfere with access or operation.

     (b) Tools, oil cans, waste, extra fuses, and other necessary articles shall be stored in the tool box, and shall not be permitted to lie loose in or about the cab.

     (3) Fire extinguishers. The employer shall insure that operators are familiar with the operation and care of fire extinguishers provided.



[Order 73-5, § 296-24-23531, filed 5/9/73 and Order 73-4, § 296-24-23531, filed 5/7/73.]

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296-24-23533
Crane and derrick suspended personnel (work) platforms.

  (1) Scope and application. This standard applies to the design, construction, testing, use and maintenance of personnel platforms, and the hoisting of personnel platforms on the load lines of cranes or derricks.

     (2) Definitions. For the purposes of this section, the following definitions apply:

     (a) "Failure" means load refusal, breakage, or separation of components.

     (b) "Hoist" (or hoisting) means all crane or derrick functions such as lowering, lifting, swinging, booming in and out or up and down, or suspending a personnel platform.

     (c) "Load refusal" means the point where the ultimate strength is exceeded.

     (d) "Maximum intended load" means the total load of all employees tools, materials, and other loads reasonably anticipated to be applied to a personnel platform or personnel platform component at any one time.

     (e) "Runway" means a firm, level surface designed, prepared, and designated as a path of travel for the weight and configuration of the crane being used to lift and travel with the crane suspended platform. An existing surface may be used as long as it meets these criteria.

     (3) General requirements. The use of a crane or derrick to hoist employees on a personnel platform is prohibited, except when the erection, use, and dismantling of conventional means of reaching the worksite, such as a personnel hoist, ladder, stairway, aerial lift, elevating work platform or scaffold, would be more hazardous, or is not possible because of structural design or worksite conditions.

     (4) Operational criteria.

     (a) Hoisting of the personnel platform shall be performed in a slow, controlled, cautious manner with no sudden movements of the crane or derrick, or the platform.

     (b) Load lines shall be capable of supporting, without failure, at least seven times the maximum intended load, except that where rotation resistant rope is used, the lines shall be capable of supporting without failure, at least ten times the maximum intended load. The required design factor is achieved by taking the current safety factor of 3.5 and applying the fifty percent derating of the crane capacity.

     (c) Load and boom hoist drum brakes, swing brakes, and locking devices such as pawls or dogs shall be engaged when the occupied personnel platform is in a stationary working position.

     (d) Cranes and derricks with variable angle booms shall be equipped with a boom angle indicator, readily visible to the operator.

     (e) Cranes with telescoping booms shall be equipped with a device to indicate clearly to the operator, at all times, the boom's extended length, or an accurate determination of the load radius to be used during the lift shall be made prior to hoisting personnel.

     (f) A positive acting device shall be used which prevents contact between the load block or overhaul ball and the boom tip (anti-two-blocking device), or a system shall be used which deactivates the hoisting action before damage occurs in the event of a two-blocking situation (two block damage prevention feature).

     (g) The load line hoist drum shall have a system or device on the power train, other than the load hoist brake, which regulates the lowering rate of speed of the hoist mechanism (controlled load lowering). Free fall is prohibited.

     (h) The crane shall be uniformly level within one percent of level grade and located on firm footing. Cranes equipped with outriggers shall have them all fully deployed following manufacturer's specifications, insofar as applicable, when hoisting employees.

     (i) The total weight of the loaded personnel platform and related rigging shall not exceed fifty percent of the rated capacity for the radius and configuration of the crane or derrick.

     (j) The use of machines having live booms (booms in which lowering is controlled by a brake without aid from other devices which slow the lowering speeds) is prohibited.

     (k) Multiple-part line block: When a multiple-part line block is in use, a substantial strap shall be used between the crane hook and common ring, shackle, or other equivalent device, to eliminate employee exposure to the lines running through the block, and to the block itself.

     (5) Rigging.

     (a) Lifting bridles on box-type platforms shall consist of four legs of equal length, with one end securely shackled to each corner of the platform and the other end securely attached to a common ring, shackle, or other equivalent device to accommodate the crane hook, or a strap to the crane hook.

     (b) Shackle bolts used for rigging of personnel platforms shall be secured against displacement.

     (c) A substantial safety line shall pass through the eye of each leg of the bridle adjacent to the common ring, shackle, or equivalent device and be securely fastened with a minimum amount of slack to the lift line above the headache ball or to the crane hook itself.

     (d) All eyes in wire rope sling shall be fabricated with thimbles.

     (e) Wire rope, shackles, rings, master links, and other rigging hardware must be capable of supporting, without failure, at least five times the maximum intended load applied or transmitted to that component. Where rotation resistant wire rope is used for slings, they shall be capable of supporting without failure at least ten times the maximum intended load.

     (f) Hooks on headache ball assemblies, lower load blocks, or other attachment assemblies shall be of a type that can be closed and locked, eliminating the hook throat opening. Alternatively, an alloy anchor type shackle with a bolt, nut, and retaining pin shall be used.

     (g) Bridles and associated rigging for attaching the personnel platform to the hoist line shall be used only for the platform and the necessary employees, their tools and the materials necessary to do their work, and shall not be used for any other purpose when not hoisting personnel.

     (6) Personnel platforms - design criteria.

     (a) The personnel platform and suspension system shall be designed by a qualified engineer or a qualified person competent in structural design.

     (b) The suspension system shall be designed to minimize tipping of the platform due to movement of employees occupying the platform.

     (c) The personnel platform itself, except the guardrail system and body belt/harness anchorages, shall be capable of supporting, without failure, its own weight and at least five times the maximum intended load based on a minimum allowance of five hundred pounds for the first person with light tools, and an additional two hundred fifty pounds for each additional person.

     (d) Criteria for guardrail systems and body belt/harness anchorages are contained in Parts J-1 and J-2 of this chapter.

     (e) The personnel platform shall be conspicuously posted with a plate or other permanent marking which indicates the weight of the platform and its rated load capacity or maximum intended load.

     (7) Platform specifications.

     (a) Each personnel platform shall be equipped with a guardrail system which meets the requirements of WAC 296-24-75007, and shall be enclosed at least from the toeboard to mid-rail with either solid construction or expanded metal having openings no greater than one-half inch (1.27cm).

     (b) A grab rail shall be installed inside the entire perimeter of the personnel platform.

     (c) Access gates, if installed, shall not swing outward during hoisting.

     (d) Access gates, including sliding or folding gates, shall be equipped with a restraining device to prevent accidental opening.

     (e) Headroom shall be provided which allows employees to stand upright in the platform.

     (f) In addition to the use of hard hats, employees shall be protected by overhead protection on the personnel platform when employees are exposed to falling objects.

     (g) All rough edges exposed to contact by employees shall be surfaced or smoothed in order to prevent injury to employees from punctures or lacerations.

     (h) All welding of the personnel platform and its components shall be performed by a qualified welder familiar with the weld grades, types, and material specified in the platform design.

     (i) Occupants of all personnel platforms shall wear a safety belt or harness and lanyard which meets the requirements of ANSI A10.14-1975.

     (j) Box-type platform: The workers lanyard shall be secured to the work platform or guardrail of the work platform.

     (k) Rescue platform:

     (i) If the platform is used as a rescue vehicle, the injured worker shall be strapped into the stretcher or basket.

     (ii) The basket shall then be secured by lanyard to an anchorage within the platform.

     (l) Boatswains chair: The workers lanyard shall be secured to the lift line above the headache ball or to the crane hook itself.

     (m) Barrel-type platform:

     (i) The workers lanyard shall be secured to the lift line above the headache ball or to the crane hook itself.

     (ii) A solid bar or rod shall be substantially attached in a rigid position to the bottom or side of the platform.

     (iii) The side bar or rod shall extend a minimum of eight feet above the floor of the work platform.

     (iv) The bottom of the barrel-type platform shall be of a convex shape to cause the platform to lay on its side when lowered to the ground or floor.

     (v) Workers shall enter and exit from barrel-type platforms only when they are in an upright position, stable, and securely attached to the load line.

     (vi) The employer shall use methods or devices which allow employees to safely enter or exit barrel-type platforms.

     (8) Personnel platform loading.

     (a) The personnel platform shall not be loaded in excess of its rated load capacity.

     (b) The number of employees occupying the personnel platform shall not exceed the number required for the work being performed.

     (c) Personnel platforms shall be used only for employees, their tools, and the materials necessary to do their work, and shall not be used to hoist only materials or tools when not hoisting personnel.

     (d) Materials and tools for use during a personnel lift shall be secured to prevent displacement.

     (e) Materials and tools for use during a personnel lift shall be evenly distributed within the confines of the platform while the platform is suspended.

     (9) Trial lift, inspection, and prooftesting.

     (a) A trial lift with the unoccupied personnel platform loaded at least to the anticipated liftweight shall be made from ground level, or any other location where employees will enter the platform, to each location at which the personnel platform is to be hoisted and positioned. This trial lift shall be performed immediately prior to placing personnel on the platform. The operator shall determine that all systems, controls, and safety devices are activated and functioning properly; that no interferences exist; and that all configurations necessary to reach those work locations will allow the operator to remain under the fifty percent limit of the hoist's rated capacity. Materials and tools to be used during the actual lift can be loaded in the platform, as provided in subsection (8)(d) and (e) of this section for the trial lift. A single trial lift may be performed at one time for all locations that are to be reached from a single set-up position.

     (b) The trial lift shall be repeated prior to hoisting employees whenever the crane or derrick is moved and set up in a new location or returned to a previously used location. Additionally, the trial lift shall be repeated when the lift route is changed unless the operator determines that the route change is not significant (i.e., the route change would not affect the safety of hoisted employees).

     (c) After the trial lift, and just prior to hoisting personnel, the platform shall be hoisted a few inches and inspected to ensure that it is secure and properly balanced. Employees shall not be hoisted unless the following conditions are determined to exist:

     (i) Hoist ropes shall be free of kinks;

     (ii) Multiple part lines shall not be twisted around each other;

     (iii) The primary attachment shall be centered over the platform; and

     (iv) The hoisting system shall be inspected if the load rope is slack to ensure all ropes are properly stated on drums and in sheaves.

     (d) A visual inspection of the crane or derrick, rigging, personnel platform, and the crane or derrick base support or ground shall be conducted by a competent person immediately after the trial lift to determine whether the testing has exposed any defect or produced any adverse effect upon any component or structure.

     (e) Any defects found during inspections which create a safety hazard shall be corrected before hoisting personnel.

     (f) At each job site, prior to hoisting employees on the personnel platform, and after any repair or modification, the platform and rigging shall be prooftested to one hundred twenty-five percent of the platform's rated capacity by holding it in a suspended position for five minutes with the test load evenly distributed on the platform (this may be done concurrently with the trial lift). After prooftesting, a competent person shall inspect the platform and rigging. Any deficiencies found shall be corrected and another prooftest shall be conducted. Personnel hoisting shall not be conducted until the prooftesting requirements are satisfied.

     (g) The employer shall retain at the jobsite and produce when requested, documentation such as lift capacity information, verifying that the requirements of this standard have been met.

     (10) Work practices.

     (a) Employees shall keep all parts of the body inside the platform during raising, lowering, and positioning. This provision does not apply to an occupant of the platform performing the duties of a signal person.

     (b) Before employees exit or enter a hoisted personnel platform that is not landed, the platform shall be secured to the structure where the work is to be performed, unless securing to the structure creates an unsafe situation.

     (c) Tag lines shall be used unless their use creates an unsafe condition.

     (d) The crane or derrick operator shall remain at the controls at all times when the crane engine is running and the platform is occupied.

     (e) Hoisting of employees shall be promptly discontinued upon indication of any dangerous weather conditions or other impending danger.

     (f) Employees being hoisted shall remain in continuous sight of and in direct communication with the operator or signal person. In those situations where direct visual contact with the operator is not possible, and the use of a signal person would create a greater hazard for that person, direct communication alone such as by radio may be used.

     (g) Hand signals to the operator shall be in accordance with those prescribed by the applicable ANSI standard for the type of crane or lift in use unless voice communication equipment is utilized. Signals shall be discernable or audible at all times.

     (h) Except over water, employees occupying the personnel platform shall use a body belt/harness system with lanyard appropriately attached to the lower load block or overhaul ball, or to a structural member within the personnel platform capable of supporting a fall impact for employees using the anchorage.

     (i) No lifts shall be made on another of the crane's or derrick's load lines while personnel are suspended on a platform.

     (11) Traveling.

     (a) Hoisting of employees while the crane is traveling is prohibited except for portal, tower and locomotive cranes, or where the employer demonstrates that there is no less hazardous way to perform the work.

     (b) Under any circumstances where a crane would travel while hoisting personnel, the employer shall implement the following procedures to safeguard employees:

     (i) Crane travel shall be restricted to a fixed track or runway;

     (ii) Travel shall be limited to the load radius of the boom used during the lift; and

     (iii) The boom must be parallel to the direction of travel.

     (c) A complete trial run shall be performed to test the route of travel before employees are allowed to occupy the platform. This trial run can be performed at the same time as the trial lift required by subsection (9)(a) of this section which tests the route of the lift.

     (d) If travel is done with a rubber tired-carrier, the condition and air pressure of the tires shall be checked. The chart capacity for lifts on rubber shall be used for application of the fifty percent reduction of rated capacity. Notwithstanding subsection (4)(i) of this section, outriggers may be partially retracted as necessary for travel.

     (12) Prelift meeting.

     (a) A meeting attended by the crane or derrick operator, signal person(s) (if necessary for the lift), employee(s) to be lifted, and the person responsible for the task to be performed shall be held to review the appropriate requirements of this section and the procedures to be followed.

     (b) This meeting shall be held prior to the trial lift at each new location, and shall be repeated for any employees newly assigned to the operation.



[Statutory Authority: RCW 49.17.010, [49.17].040, and[49.17].050 . 00-08-078, § 296-24-23533, filed 4/4/00, effective 7/1/00. Statutory Authority: Chapter 49.17 RCW. 96-09-030, § 296-24-23533, filed 4/10/96, effective 6/1/96; 91-03-044 (Order 90-18), § 296-24-23533, filed 1/10/91, effective 2/12/91.]

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296-24-237
Construction, operation and maintenance — Chain and electric hoists.

  (1) Chain and electric hoists shall be of what is known as "all steel construction." No cast iron shall be used in parts subject to tension except drums, bearings or brake shoes.

     (2) The chains shall be made of the best quality steel or iron with welded links.

     (3) Chain and electric hoists shall have a factor of safety of at least five.

     (4) Chain and electric hoists shall be equipped with an approved device which will automatically lock the load when hoisting is stopped.

     (5) Electric hoists shall be provided with an approved limit stop to prevent the hoist block from traveling too far in case the operating handle is not released in time.



[Order 73-5, § 296-24-237, filed 5/9/73 and Order 73-4, § 296-24-237, filed 5/7/73.]

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296-24-238
Air hoists.

  (1) To prevent piston rod lock nuts from becoming loose and allowing rod to drop when supporting a load, lock nut shall be secured to piston rod by a castellated nut and cotter-pin.

     (2) A clevis or other means shall be used to prevent hoists cylinder becoming detached from hanger.



[Order 73-5, § 296-24-238, filed 5/9/73 and Order 73-4, § 296-24-238, filed 5/7/73.]

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296-24-240
Crawler locomotive and truck cranes.

  



[Order 73-5, § 296-24-240, filed 5/9/73 and Order 73-4, § 296-24-240, filed 5/7/73.]

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296-24-24001
Definitions.

  (1) A "crawler crane" consists of a rotating superstructure with power plant, operating machinery, and boom, mounted on a base, equipped with crawler treads for travel. Its function is to hoist and swing loads at various radii.

     (2) A "locomotive crane" consists of a rotating superstructure with power plant, operating machinery and boom, mounted on a base or car equipped for travel on railroad track. It may be self-propelled or propelled by an outside source. Its function is to hoist and swing loads at various radii.

     (3) A "truck crane" consists of a rotating superstructure with power plant, operating machinery and boom, mounted on an automotive truck equipped with a power plant for travel. Its function is to hoist and swing loads at various radii.

     (4) A "wheel mounted crane" (wagon crane) consists of a rotating superstructure with power plant, operating machinery and boom, mounted on a base or platform equipped with axles and rubber-tired wheels for travel. The base is usually propelled by the engine in the superstructure, but it may be equipped with a separate engine controlled from the superstructure. Its function is to hoist and swing loads at various radii.

     (5) An "accessory" is a secondary part or assembly of parts which contributes to the overall function and usefulness of a machine.

     (6) "Appointed" means assigned specific responsibilities by the employer or the employer's representative.

     (7) "ANSI" means the American National Standards Institute.

     (8) An "angle indicator" (boom) is an accessory which measures the angle of the boom to the horizontal.

     (9) The "axis of rotation" is the vertical axis around which the crane superstructure rotates.

     (10) "Axle" means the shaft or spindle with which or about which a wheel rotates. On truck- and wheel-mounted cranes it refers to an automotive type of axle assembly including housings, gearing, differential, bearings, and mounting appurtenances.

     (11) "Axle" (bogie) means two or more automotive-type axles mounted in tandem in a frame so as to divide the load between the axles and permit vertical oscillation of the wheels.

     (12) The "base" (mounting) is the traveling base or carrier on which the rotating superstructure is mounted such as a car, truck, crawlers, or wheel platform.

     (13) The "boom" (crane) is a member hinged to the front of the rotating superstructure with the outer end supported by ropes leading to a gantry or "A" frame and used for supporting the hoisting tackle.

     (14) The "boom angle" is the angle between the longitudinal centerline of the boom and the horizontal. The boom longitudinal centerline is a straight line between the boom foot pin (heel pin) centerline and boom point sheave pin centerline.

     (15) The "boom hoist" is a hoist drum and rope reeving system used to raise and lower the boom. The rope system may be all live reeving or a combination of live reeving and pendants.

     (16) The "boom stop" is a device used to limit the angle of the boom at the highest position.

     (17) A "brake" is a device used for retarding or stopping motion by friction or power means.

     (18) A "cab" is housing which covers the rotating superstructure machinery and/or operator's station. On truck crane trucks a separate cab covers the driver's station.

     (19) The "clutch" is a friction, electromagnetic, hydraulic, pneumatic, or positive mechanical device for engagement or disengagement of power.

     (20) The "counterweight" is a weight used to supplement the weight of the machine in providing stability for lifting working loads.

     (21) "Designated" means selected or assigned by the employer or the employer's representative as being qualified to perform specific duties.

     (22) The "drum" is the cylindrical members around which ropes are wound for raising and lowering the load or boom.

     (23) "Dynamic" (loading) means loads introduced into the machine or its components by forces in motion.

     (24) The "gantry" (A-frame) is a structural frame, extending above the superstructure, to which the boom supports ropes are reeved.

     (25) A "jib" is an extension attached to the boom point to provide added boom length for lifting specified loads. The jib may be in line with the boom or offset to various angles.

     (26) "Load" (working) means the external load, in pounds, applied to the crane, including the weight of load-attaching equipment such as load blocks, shackles, and slings.

     (27) "Load block" (upper) means the assembly of hook or shackle, swivel, sheaves, pins, and frame suspended from the boom point.

     (28) "Load block" (lower) means the assembly of hook or shackle, swivel, sheaves, pins, and frame suspended by the hoisting ropes.

     (29) A "load hoist" is a hoist drum and rope reeving system used for hoisting and lowering loads.

     (30) "Load ratings" are crane ratings in pounds established by the manufacturer in accordance with WAC 296-24-24005.

     (31) "Outriggers" are extendable or fixed metal arms, attached to the mounting base, which rest on supports at the outer ends.

     (32) "Rail clamp" means a tong-like metal device, mounted on a locomotive crane car, which can be connected to the track.

     (33) "Reeving" means a rope system in which the rope travels around drums and sheaves.

     (34) "Rope" refers to a wire rope unless otherwise specified.

     (35) "Side loading" means a load applied at an angle to the vertical plane of the boom.

     (36) A "standby crane" is a crane which is not in regular service but which is used occasionally or intermittently as required.

     (37) A "standing (guy) rope" is a supporting rope which maintains a constant distance between the points of attachment to the two components connected by the rope.

     (38) "Structural competence" means the ability of the machine and its components to withstand the stresses imposed by applied loads.

     (39) "Superstructure" means the rotating upper frame structure of the machine and the operating machinery mounted thereon.

     (40) "Swing" means the rotation of the superstructure for movement of loads in a horizontal direction about the axis of rotation.

     (41) "Swing mechanism" means the machinery involved in providing rotation of the superstructure.

     (42) "Tackle" is an assembly of ropes and sheaves arranged for hoisting and pulling.

     (43) "Transit" means the moving or transporting of a crane from one jobsite to another.

     (44) "Travel" means the functions of the machine moving from one location to another, on a job site.

     (45) The "travel mechanism" is the machinery involved in providing travel.

     (46) "Wheelbase" means the distance between centers of front and rear axles. For a multiple axle assembly the axle center for wheelbase measurement is taken as the midpoint of the assembly.

     (47) The "whipline" (auxiliary hoist) is a separate hoist rope system of lighter load capacity and higher speed than provided by the main hoist.

     (48) A "winch head" is a power driven spool for handling of loads by means of friction between fiber or wire rope and spool.



[Order 73-5, § 296-24-24001, filed 5/9/73 and Order 73-4, § 296-24-24001, filed 5/7/73.]

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296-24-24003
General requirements.

  (1) Application. This section applies to crawler cranes, locomotive cranes, wheel mounted cranes of both truck and self-propelled wheel type, and any variations thereof which retain the same fundamental characteristics. This section includes only cranes of the above types, which are basically powered by internal combustion engines or electric motors and which utilize drums and ropes. Cranes designed for railway and automobile wreck clearances are excepted. The requirements of these standards are applicable only to machines when used as lifting cranes.

     (2) New and existing equipment. All new crawler, locomotive, and truck cranes constructed and utilized on or after the effective date of these standards, shall meet the design specifications of the American National Standard Safety Code for Crawler, Locomotive, and Truck Cranes, ANSI B 30.5-1968. Crawler, locomotive, and truck cranes constructed prior to the effective date of these standards should be modified to conform to those design specifications by December 31, 1973, unless it can be shown that the crane cannot feasibly or economically be altered and that the crane substantially complies with the requirements of this section. Replacement parts shall be of equal or better quality than the original equipment and suitable for the purpose. Repairs or modifications shall be such as to render the equipment equal to or better than the original construction or design.

     (3) Designated personnel. Only designated personnel shall be permitted to operate a crane covered by this section.



[Order 74-27, § 296-24-24003, filed 5/7/74; Order 73-5, § 296-24-24003, filed 5/9/73 and Order 73-4, § 296-24-24003, filed 5/7/73.]

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296-24-24005
Load ratings.

  (1) Load ratings -- Where stability governs lifting performance.

     (a) The margin of stability for determination of load ratings, with booms of stipulated lengths at stipulated working radii for the various types of crane mountings is established by taking a percentage of the loads which will produce a condition of tipping or balance with the boom in the least stable direction, relative to the mounting. The load ratings shall not exceed the following percentages for cranes, with the indicated types of mounting under conditions stipulated in (1)(b) and (c) of this section.

	Type of crane mounting:	Maximum load ratings (percent of tipping loads)
Locomotive, without outriggers;
	Booms 60 feet or less . . . . . . . . . . . .	85
	Booms over 60 feet . . . . . . . . . . . .	851
Locomotive, using outriggers fully extended		80
Crawler, without outriggers . . . . . . . . . . . .		75
Crawler, using outriggers fully extended . . . . . . . . . . . .		85
Truck and wheel mounted without outriggers
	or using outriggers fully extended . . . . . . . . . . . .	85

1	Unless this results in less than 30,000 pound-feet net stabilizing moment about the rail, which shall be minimum with such booms.

     (b) The following stipulation shall govern the application of the values in (1)(a) of this section for locomotive cranes:

     (i) Tipping with or without the use of outriggers occurs when half of the wheels farthest from the load leave the rail.

     (ii) The crane shall be standing on track which is level within 1 percent grade.

     (iii) Radius of the load is the horizontal distance from a projection of the axis of rotation to the rail support surface, before loading, to the center of vertical hoist line or tackle with load applied.

     (iv) Tipping loads from which ratings are determined shall be applied under static conditions only, i.e., without dynamic effect of hoisting, lowering, or swinging.

     (v) The weight of all auxiliary handling devices such as hoist blocks, hooks, and slings shall be considered a part of the load rating.

     (c) Stipulations governing the application of the values in (1)(a) of this section for crawler, truck, and wheel-mounted cranes shall be in accordance with Crane Load-Stability Test Code. Society of Automotive Engineers (SAE) J765.

Note:

The effectiveness of these preceding stability factors will be influenced by such additional factors as freely suspended loads, track, wind, or ground conditions, condition and inflation of rubber tires, boom lengths, proper operating speeds for existing conditions, and, in general, careful and competent operation. All of these shall be taken into account by the user.

     (2) Rated capacity chart. A chart indicating the manufacturer's rated capacity at all operating radii for all permissible boom lengths and jib lengths with alternate ratings for optional equipment affecting such ratings shall be posted in all mobile type cranes and shall be readily visible to the operator in the normal operating position.

     (3) Inspection classification. Initial inspection. Prior to initial use all new and altered cranes shall be inspected to insure compliance with provisions of these standards.

     (4) All hooks shall be of the safety latch-type or the hook shall be moused.



[Statutory Authority: Chapter 49.17 RCW. 94-15-096 (Order 94-07), § 296-24-24005, filed 7/20/94, effective 9/20/94. Statutory Authority: RCW 49.17.040, 49.17.150, and 49.17.240. 79-08-115 (Order 79-9), § 296-24-24005, filed 7/31/79; Order 73-5, § 296-24-24005, filed 5/9/73 and Order 73-4, § 296-24-24005, filed 5/7/73.]

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296-24-24007
Inspection classification.

  (1) Regular inspection. Inspection procedure for cranes in regular service is divided into two general classifications based upon the intervals at which inspection should be performed. The intervals in turn are dependent upon the nature of the critical components of the crane and the degree of their exposure to wear, deterioration, or malfunction. The two general classifications are herein designated as "frequent" and "periodic" with respective intervals between inspections as defined below:

     (a) Frequent inspection: Daily to monthly intervals.

     (b) Periodic inspection: One- to 12-month intervals, or as specifically recommended by the manufacturer.

     (2) Frequent inspection. Items such as the following shall be inspected for defects at intervals as defined in (2)(a) of this section or as specifically indicated including observation during operation for any defects which might appear between regular inspection. Any deficiencies such as listed shall be carefully examined and determination made as to whether they constitute a safety hazard:

     (a) All control mechanisms for maladjustment interfering with proper operation: Daily.

     (b) All control mechanisms for excessive wear of components and contamination by lubricants or other foreign matter.

     (c) All safety devices for malfunction.

     (d) Deterioration or leakage in air or hydraulic systems: Daily.

     (e) Crane hooks with deformations or cracks. For hooks with cracks or having more than 15 percent in excess of normal throat opening or more than 10° twist from the plane of the unbent hook.

     (f) Rope reeving for noncompliance with manufacturer's recommendations.

     (g) Electrical apparatus for malfunctioning, signs of excessive deterioration, dirt, and moisture accumulation.

     (3) Periodic inspection. Complete inspections of the crane shall be performed at intervals as generally defined in (2)(b) of this section depending upon its activity, severity of service, and environment, or as specifically indicated below. These inspections shall include the requirements of (3) of this section and in addition, items such as the following. Any deficiencies such as listed shall be carefully examined and determination made as to whether they constitute a safety hazard:

     (a) Deformed, cracked, or corroded members, in the crane structure and boom.

     (b) Loose bolts or rivets.

     (c) Cracked or worn sheaves and drums.

     (d) Worn, cracked, or distorted parts such as pins, bearings, shafts, gears, rollers and locking devices.

     (e) Excessive wear on brake and clutch system parts, linings, pawls, and ratchets.

     (f) Load, boom angle, and other indicators over their full range, for any significant inaccuracies.

     (g) Gasoline, diesel, electric, or other power plants for improper performance or noncompliance with safety requirements.

     (h) Excessive wear of chain-drive sprockets and excessive chain stretch.

     (i) Travel steering, braking, and locking devices, for malfunction.

     (j) Excessively worn or damaged tires.

     (4) Cranes not in regular use.

     (a) A crane which has been idle for a period of one month or more, but less than 6 months, shall be given an inspection conforming with requirements of (3) of this section and WAC 296-24-24013 (2)(b) before placing in service.

     (b) A crane which has been idle for a period of six months shall be given a complete inspection conforming with requirements of (3) and (4) of this section and WAC 296-24-24013 (2)(b) before placing in service.

     (c) Standby cranes shall be inspected at least semi-annually in accordance with requirements of (3) of this section and WAC 296-24-24013 (2)(b). Such cranes which are exposed to adverse environment should be inspected more frequently.

     (5) Inspection records. Written, dated, and signed inspection reports and records shall be made monthly on critical items in use such as brakes, crane hooks, and ropes. Records shall be kept readily available.



[Order 73-5, § 296-24-24007, filed 5/9/73 and Order 73-4, § 296-24-24007, filed 5/7/73.]

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296-24-24009
Testing.

  (1) Operational tests.

     (a) In addition to prototype tests and quality-control measures, the user of each new production crane shall require that it be tested and related data supplied by the manufacturer to the extent necessary to assure compliance with the operational requirements of this subsection including functions such as the following:

     (i) Load hoisting and lowering mechanisms

     (ii) Boom hoisting and lower mechanisms

     (iii) Swinging mechanism

     (iv) Travel mechanism

     (v) Safety devices

     (b) Where the complete production crane is not supplied by one manufacturer such tests shall be conducted at final assembly.

     (c) Certified production-crane test results shall be made available.

     (2) Rated load test.

     (a) Written reports shall be available showing test procedures and confirming the adequacy of repairs or alterations.

     (b) Test loads shall not exceed 110 percent of the rated load at any selected working radius.

     (c) Where rerating is necessary:

     (i) Crawler, truck, and wheel-mounted cranes shall be tested in accordance with SAE Recommended Practice, Crane Load Stability Test Code J765 (April 1961).

     (ii) Locomotive cranes shall be tested in accordance with WAC 296-24-24005 (1)(a) and (b).

     (iii) Rerating test report shall be readily available.

     (d) No cranes shall be rerated in excess of the original load ratings unless such rating changes are approved by the crane manufacturer or final assembler.



[Statutory Authority: Chapter 49.17 RCW. 94-15-096 (Order 94-07), § 296-24-24009, filed 7/20/94, effective 9/20/94; Order 73-5, § 296-24-24009, filed 5/9/73 and Order 73-4, § 296-24-24009, filed 5/7/73.]

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296-24-24011
Maintenance procedure.

  (1) Any unsafe conditions disclosed by the inspection requirements of this section shall be corrected before operation of the crane is resumed. Adjustments and repairs shall be done only by designated personnel.

     (2) After adjustments and repairs have been made the crane shall not be operated until all guards have been reinstalled, safety devices reactivated, and maintenance equipment removed.



[Order 73-5, § 296-24-24011, filed 5/9/73 and Order 73-4, § 296-24-24011, filed 5/7/73.]

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296-24-24013
Rope inspection.

  (1) Running ropes. A thorough inspection of all ropes in use shall be made at least once a month and a full written, dated, and signed report of rope condition kept on file where readily available. All inspections shall be performed by an appointed or authorized person. Any deterioration, resulting in appreciable loss of original strength, such as described below, shall be carefully noted and determination made as to whether further use of the rope would constitute a safety hazard:

     (a) Reduction of rope diameter below nominal diameter due to loss of core support, internal, or external corrosion or wear of outside wires.

     (b) A number of broken outside wires and the degree of distribution of concentration of such broken wires.

     (c) Worn outside wires.

     (d) Corroded or broken wires at end connections.

     (e) Corroded, cracked, bent, worn, or improperly applied end connections.

     (f) Severe kinking, crushing, cutting, or unstranding.

     (2) Other ropes.

     (a) Heavy wear and/or broken wires may occur in sections in contact with equalizer sheaves or other sheaves where rope travel is limited, or with saddles. Particular care shall be taken to inspect ropes at these locations.

     (b) All rope which has been idle for a period of a month or more due to shut down or storage of a crane on which it is installed shall be given a thorough inspection before it is placed in service. This inspection shall be for all types of deterioration and shall be performed by an appointed or authorized person whose approval shall be required for further use of the rope. A written and dated report of the rope condition shall be available.

     (c) Particular care shall be taken in the inspection of nonrotating rope.



[Order 73-5, § 296-24-24013, filed 5/9/73 and Order 73-4, § 296-24-24013, filed 5/7/73.]

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296-24-24015
Handling the load.

  (1) Size of load.

     (a) No crane shall be loaded beyond the rated load, except for test purposes as provided in WAC 296-24-24009.

     (b) When loads which are limited by structural competence rather than by stability are to be handled, it shall be ascertained that the weight of the load has been determined within plus or minus 10 percent before it is lifted.

     (2) Attaching the load.

     (a) The hoist rope shall not be wrapped around the load.

     (b) The load shall be attached to the hook by means of slings or other approved devices.

     (3) Moving the load.

     (a) The employer shall assure that:

     (i) The crane is level and where necessary blocked properly.

     (ii) The load is well secured and properly balanced in the sling or lifting device before it is lifted more than a few inches.

     (b) Before starting to hoist, the following conditions shall be noted:

     (i) Hoist rope shall not be kinked.

     (ii) Multiple part lines shall not be twisted around each other.

     (iii) The hook shall be brought over the load in such a manner as to prevent swinging.

     (iv) If there is a slack rope condition, it should be determined that the rope is properly seated on the drum and in the sheaves.

     (c) During hoisting care shall be taken that:

     (i) There is no sudden acceleration or deceleration of the moving load.

     (ii) The load does not contact any obstructions.

     (d) Side loading of booms shall be limited to freely suspended loads. Cranes shall not be used for dragging loads sideways.

     (e) No hoisting, lowering, swinging, or traveling shall be done while anyone is on the load or hook.

     (f) The operator should avoid carrying loads over people.

     (g) On truck mounted cranes, no loads shall be lifted over the front area except as approved by the crane manufacturer.

     (h) The operator shall test the brakes each time a load approaching the rated load is handled by raising it a few inches and applying the brakes.

     (i) Outriggers shall be used when the load to be handled at that particular radius exceeds the rated load without outriggers as given by the manufacturer for that crane. Where floats are used they shall be securely attached to the outriggers. Wood blocks used to support outriggers shall:

     (i) Be strong enough to prevent crushing.

     (ii) Be free from defects.

     (iii) Be of sufficient width and length to prevent shifting or toppling under load.

     (j) Neither the load nor the boom shall be lowered below the point where less than two full wraps of rope remain on their respective drums.

     (k) Before lifting loads with locomotive cranes without using outriggers, means shall be applied to prevent the load from being carried by the truck springs.

     (l) When two or more cranes are used to lift one load, one designated person shall be responsible for the operation. They shall be required to analyze the operation and instruct all personnel involved in the proper positioning, rigging of the load, and the movements to be made.

     (m) In transit the following additional precautions shall be exercised.

     (i) The boom shall be carried in line with the direction of motion.

     (ii) The superstructure shall be secured against rotation, except when negotiating turns when there is an operator in the cab or the boom is supported on a dolly.

     (iii) The empty hook shall be lashed or otherwise restrained so that it cannot swing freely.

     (n) Before traveling a crane with load, a designated person shall be responsible for determining and controlling safety. Decisions such as position of load, boom location, ground support, travel route, and speed of movement shall be in accord with their determinations.

     (o) A crane with or without load shall not be traveled with the boom so high that it may bounce back over the cab.

     (p) When rotating the crane, sudden starts and stops shall be avoided. Rotational speed shall be such that the load does not swing out beyond the radii at which it can be controlled. A tag or restraint line shall be used when rotation of the load is hazardous.

     (q) When a crane is to be operated at a fixed radius, the boom-hoist pawl or other positive locking device shall be engaged.

     (r) Ropes shall not be handled on a winch head without the knowledge of the operator.

     (s) While a winch head is being used, the operator shall be within convenient reach of the power unit control lever.

     (4) Holding the load.

     (a) The operator shall not be permitted to leave the control position while the load is suspended.

     (b) No person should be permitted to stand or pass under a load on the hook.

     (c) If the load must remain suspended for any considerable length of time, the operator shall hold the drum from rotating in the lowering direction by activating the positive controllable means of the operator's station.



[Statutory Authority: Chapter 49.17 RCW. 94-15-096 (Order 94-07), § 296-24-24015, filed 7/20/94, effective 9/20/94; Order 73-5, § 296-24-24015, filed 5/9/73 and Order 73-4, § 296-24-24015, filed 5/7/73.]

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296-24-24017
Other requirements.

  (1) Rail clamps. Rail clamps shall not be used as a means of restraining tipping of a locomotive crane.

     (2) Ballast or counterweight. Cranes shall not be operated without the full amount of any ballast or counterweight in place as specified by the maker, but truck cranes that have dropped the ballast or counterweight may be operated temporarily with special care and only for light loads without full ballast or counterweight in place. The ballast or counterweight in place specified by the manufacturer shall not be exceeded.

     (3) Cabs.

     (a) Necessary clothing and personal belongings shall be stored in such a manner as to not interfere with access or operation.

     (b) Tools, oil cans, waste, extra fuses, and other necessary articles shall be stored in the tool box, and shall not be permitted to lie loose in or about the cab.

     (4) Refueling.

     (a) Refueling with small portable containers shall be done with an approved safety type can equipped with an automatic closing cap and flame arrester. Refer to WAC 296-24-58501(19) for definition of approved.

     (b) Machines shall not be refueled with the engine running.

     (5) Fire extinguishers.

     (a) A carbon dioxide, dry chemical, or equivalent fire extinguisher shall be kept in the cab or vicinity of the crane.

     (b) Operating and maintenance personnel shall be made familiar with the use and care of the fire extinguishers provided.

     (6) Swinging locomotive cranes. A locomotive crane shall not be swung into a position where railway cars on an adjacent track might strike it, until it has been ascertained that cars are not being moved on the adjacent track and proper flag protection has been established.



[Statutory Authority: Chapter 49.17 RCW. 88-23-054 (Order 88-25), § 296-24-24017, filed 11/14/88; Order 73-5, § 296-24-24017, filed 5/9/73 and Order 73-4, § 296-24-24017, filed 5/7/73.]

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296-24-24019
Operating near overhead electric power lines.

  (1) For operations near overhead electric lines see chapter 296-24 WAC Part L.

     (2) Boom guards. Cage-type boom guards, insulating links, or proximity warning devices may be used on cranes, but the use of such devices shall not operate to alter the requirements of (1) of this section.

     (3) Notification. Before the commencement of operations near electrical lines, the owners of the lines or their authorized representative shall be notified and provided with all pertinent information. The cooperation of the owner shall be requested.

     (4) Overhead wires. Any overhead wire shall be considered to be an energized line unless and until the person owning such line or the electrical utility authorities indicate that it is not an energized line.



[Statutory Authority: Chapter 49.17 RCW. 91-24-017 (Order 91-07), § 296-24-24019, filed 11/22/91, effective 12/24/91; Order 73-5, § 296-24-24019, filed 5/9/73 and Order 73-4, § 296-24-24019, filed 5/7/73.]

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296-24-245
Derricks.

  



[Order 73-5, § 296-24-245, filed 5/9/73 and Order 73-4, § 296-24-245, filed 5/7/73.]

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296-24-24501
Definitions.

  (1) A "derrick" is an apparatus consisting of a mast or equivalent member held at the head by guys or braces, with or without a boom, for use with a hoisting mechanism and operating ropes.

     (2) "A-frame derrick" means a derrick in which the boom is hinged from a cross member between the bottom ends of two upright members spread apart at the lower ends and joined at the top; the boom point secured to the junction of the side members, and the side members are braced or guyed from this junction point.


A-FRAME


     (3) A "basket derrick" is a derrick without a boom, similar to a gin pole with its base supported by ropes attached to corner posts or other parts of the structure. The base is at a lower elevation than its supports. The location of the base of a basket derrick can be changed by varying the length of the rope supports. The top of the pole is secured with multiple reeved guys to position the top of the pole to the desired location by varying the length of the upper guy lines. The load is raised and lowered by ropes through a sheave or block secured to the top of the pole.


BASKET


     (4) "Breast derrick" means a derrick without boom. The mast consists of two side members spread farther apart at the base than at the top and tied together at top and bottom by rigid members. The mast is prevented from tipping forward by guys connected to its top. The load is raised and lowered by ropes through a sheave or block secured to the top crosspiece.


BREAST


     (5) "Chicago boom derrick" means a boom which is attached to a structure, and outside upright member of the structure serving as the mast, and the boom being stepped in a fixed socket clamped to the upright. The derrick is complete with load, boom, and boom point swing line falls.


CHICAGO BOOM


     (6) A "gin pole derrick" is a derrick without a boom. Its guys are so arranged from its top as to permit leaning the mast in any direction. The load is raised and lowered by ropes reeved through sheaves or blocks at the top of the mast.


GIN POLE


     (7) "Guy derrick" means a fixed derrick consisting of a mast capable of being rotated, supported in a vertical position by guys, and a boom whose bottom end is hinged or pivoted to move in a vertical plane with a reeved rope between the head of the mast and the boom point for raising and lowering the boom, and a reeved rope from the boom point for raising and lowering the load.


GUY


     (8) "Shearleg derrick" means a derrick without a boom and similar to a breast derrick. The mast, wide at the bottom and narrow at the top, is hinged at the bottom and has its top secured by a multiple reeved guy to permit handling loads at various radii by means of load tackle suspended from the mast top.

     (9) A "stiffleg derrick" is a derrick similar to a guy derrick except that the mast is supported or held in place by two or more stiff members, called stifflegs, which are capable of resisting either tensile or compressive forces. Sills are generally provided to connect the lower ends of the stifflegs to the foot of the mast.


STIFF LEG


     (10) "Appointed" means assigned specific responsibilities by the employer or the employer's representative.

     (11) "ANSI" means the American National Standards Institute.

     (12) A boom is a timber or metal section or strut, pivoted or hinged at the heel (lower end) at a location fixed in height on a frame or mast or vertical member, and with its point (upper end) supported by chains, ropes, or rods to the upper end of the frame mast, or vertical member. A rope for raising and lowering the load is reeved through sheaves or a block at the boom point. The length of the boom shall be taken as the straight line distance between the axis of the foot pin and the axis of the boom point sheave pin, or where used, the axis of the upper load block attachment pin.

     (13) "Boom harness" means the block and sheave arrangement on the boom point to which the topping lift cable is reeved for lowering and raising the boom.

     (14) The "boom point" is the outward end of the top section of the boom.

     (15) "Derrick bullwheel" means a horizontal ring or wheel, fastened to the foot of a derrick, for the purpose of turning the derrick by means of ropes leading from this wheel to a powered drum.

     (16) "Designated" means selected or assigned by the employer or employer's representative as being qualified to perform specific duties.

     (17) "Eye" means a loop formed at the end of a rope by securing the dead end to the live end at the base of the loop.

     (18) A "fiddle block" is a block consisting of two sheaves in the same plane held in place by the same cheek plates.

     (19) The "foot bearing" or "foot block" (sill block) is the lower support on which the mast rotates.

     (20) A "gudgeon pin" is a pin connecting the mast cap to the mast allowing rotation of the mast.

     (21) A "guy" is a rope used to steady or secure the mast or other member in the desired position.

     (22) "Load, working" means the external load, in pounds, applied to the derrick, including the weight of load attaching equipment such as load blocks, shackles, and slings.

     (23) "Load block, lower" means the assembly of sheaves, pins, and frame suspended by the hoisting rope.

     (24) "Load block, upper" means the assembly of sheaves, pins, and frame suspended from the boom.

     (25) "Mast" means the upright member of the derrick.

     (26) "Mast cap (spider)" means the fitting at the top of the mast to which the guys are connected.

     (27) "Reeving" means a rope system in which the rope travels around drums and sheaves.

     (28) "Rope" refers to wire rope unless otherwise specified.

     (29) "Safety hook" means a hook with a latch to prevent slings or load from accidentally slipping off the hook.

     (30) "Side loading" is a load applied at an angle to the vertical plane of the boom.

     (31) The "sill" is a member connecting the foot block and stiffleg or a member connecting the lower ends of a double member mast.

     (32) A "standby derrick" is a derrick not in regular service which is used occasionally or intermittently as required.

     (33) "Stiff leg" means a rigid member supporting the mast at the head.

     (34) "Swing" means rotation of the mast and/or boom for movements of loads in a horizontal direction about the axis of rotation.



[Order 73-5, § 296-24-24501, filed 5/9/73 and Order 73-4, § 296-24-24501, filed 5/7/73.]

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296-24-24503
General requirements.

  (1) Application. This section applies to guy, stiffleg, basket, breast, gin pole, Chicago boom and A-frame derricks of the stationary type, capable of handling loads at variable reaches and powered by hoists through systems of rope reeving, used to perform lifting hook work, single or multiple line bucket work, grab, grapple, and magnet work. Derricks may be permanently installed for temporary use as in construction work. The requirements of this section also apply to any modification of these types which retain their fundamental features, except for floating derricks.

     (2) New and existing equipment. All new derricks constructed and installed on or after the effective date of these standards shall meet the design specifications of the "American National Standards Institute, Safety Code for Derricks, ANSI B30.6-1969." Derricks constructed prior to the effective date of these standards should be modified to conform to these design specifications by December 31, 1973 unless it can be shown that the derrick cannot feasibly or economically be altered and that the derrick substantially complies with the requirements of this section.

     (a) Operating controls shall be marked or an explanation of the controls shall be posted in full view of the operator.

     (b) Cranes or derricks having a movable working boom shall have a radius or boom angle indicator installed. This shall be located where the operator can readily read it from the normal operating position.

     (c) Top of boom painted. The top six feet of the boom or jib shall be painted bright yellow.

     (3) Designated personnel. Only designated personnel shall be permitted to operate a derrick covered by this section.



[Statutory Authority: Chapter 49.17 RCW. 94-15-096 (Order 94-07), § 296-24-24503, filed 7/20/94, effective 9/20/94; Order 76-6, § 296-24-24503, filed 3/1/76; Order 73-5, § 296-24-24503, filed 5/9/73 and Order 73-4, § 296-24-24503, filed 5/7/73.]

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296-24-24505
Load ratings.

  (1) Rated load marking. For permanently installed derricks with fixed lengths of boom, guy, and mast, a substantial, durable, and clearly legible rating chart shall be provided with each derrick and securely affixed where it is visible to personnel responsible for the safe operation of the equipment. The chart shall include the following data:

     (a) Manufacturer's approved load ratings at corresponding ranges of boom angle or operating radii.

     (b) Specific lengths of components on which the load ratings are based.

     (c) Required parts for hoist reeving. Size and construction of rope may be shown either on the rating chart or in the operating manual.

     (2) Nonpermanent installations. For nonpermanent installations, the employer shall provide sufficient information from which capacity charts can be prepared for the particular installation. The capacity charts shall be located at the derricks or the jobsite office.



[Order 73-5, § 296-24-24505, filed 5/9/73 and Order 73-4, § 296-24-24505, filed 5/7/73.]

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296-24-24507
Inspection.

  (1) Inspection classification.

     (a) Prior to initial use all new and altered derricks shall be inspected to insure compliance with the provisions of these standards.

     (b) Inspection procedure for derricks in regular service is divided into two general classifications based upon the intervals at which inspection should be performed. The intervals in turn are dependent upon the nature of the critical components of the derrick and the degree of their exposure to wear, deterioration, or malfunction. The two general classifications are herein designated as frequent and periodic with respective intervals between inspections as defined below:

     (i) Frequent inspection - Daily to monthly intervals.

     (ii) Periodic inspection - 1- to 12-month intervals, or as specified by the manufacturer.

     (2) Frequent inspection. Items such as the following shall be inspected for defects at intervals as defined in (1)(b)(i) of this section or as specifically indicated, including observation during operation for any defects which might appear between regular inspections. Deficiencies shall be carefully examined for any safety hazard.

     (a) All control mechanisms: Inspect daily for adjustment, wear, and lubrication.

     (b) All chords and lacing: Inspect daily, visually.

     (c) Tension in guys: Daily.

     (d) Plumb of the mast.

     (e) Deterioration or leakage in air or hydraulic systems: Daily.

     (f) Derrick hooks for deformations or cracks; for hooks with cracks or having more than 15 percent in excess of normal throat opening or more than 10° twist from the plane of the unbent hook, refer to WAC 296-24-24511 (3)(c).

     (g) Rope reeving; visual inspection for noncompliance with derrick manufacturer's recommendations.

     (h) Hoist brakes, clutches, and operating levers: Check daily for proper functioning before beginning operations.

     (i) Electrical apparatus for malfunctioning, signs of excessive deterioration, dirt, and moisture accumulation.

     (3) Periodic inspection.

     (a) Complete inspections of the derrick shall be performed at intervals as generally defined in (1)(b)(ii) of this section depending upon its activity, severity of service, and environment, or as specifically indicated below. These inspections shall include the requirements of (2) of this section and in addition, items such as the following. Deficiencies shall be carefully examined and a determination made as to whether they constitute a safety hazard:

     (i) Structural members for deformations, cracks, and corrosion.

     (ii) Bolts or rivets for tightness.

     (iii) Parts such as pins, bearings, shafts, gears, sheaves, drums, rollers, locking and clamping devices, for wear, cracks, and distortion.

     (iv) Gudgeon pin for cracks, wear, and distortion each time the derrick is to be erected.

     (v) Power plants for proper performance and compliance with applicable safety requirements.

     (vi) Hooks: Magnetic particle or other suitable crack detecting inspection should be performed at least once each year.

     (b) Foundation or supports shall be inspected for continued ability to sustain the imposed loads.

     (4) Derricks not in regular use.

     (a) A derrick which has been idle for a period of 1 month or more, but less than 6 months, shall be given an inspection conforming with requirements of (2) of this section and WAC 296-24-24513(2) before placing in service.

     (b) A derrick which has been idle for a period of over 6 months shall be given a complete inspection conforming with requirements of (2) and (3) of this section and WAC 296-24-24513(3) before placing in service.

     (c) Standby derricks shall be inspected at least semiannually in accordance with requirements of (2) of this section and WAC 296-24-24513(3). Those exposed to adverse environment should be inspected more frequently.



[Order 73-5, § 296-24-24507, filed 5/9/73 and Order 73-4, § 296-24-24507, filed 5/7/73.]

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296-24-24509
Testing.

  (1) Operational tests. Prior to initial use all new and altered derricks shall be tested to ensure compliance with this section including the following functions:

     (a) Load hoisting and lowering.

     (b) Boom up and down.

     (c) Swing.

     (d) Operation of clutches and brakes of hoist.

     (2) Anchorages. All anchorages shall be approved by the appointed person. Rock and hairpin anchorages may require special testing.



[Order 73-5, § 296-24-24509, filed 5/9/73 and Order 73-4, § 296-24-24509, filed 5/7/73.]

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296-24-24511
Maintenance.

  (1) Preventive maintenance. A preventive maintenance program based on the derrick manufacturer's recommendations shall be established.

     (2) Maintenance procedure.

     (a) Before adjustments and repairs are started on a derrick the following precautions shall be taken:

     (i) The derrick to be repaired shall be arranged so it will cause the least interference with other equipment and operations in the area.

     (ii) All hoist drum dogs shall be engaged.

     (iii) The main or emergency switch shall be locked in the open position, if an electric hoist is used.

     (iv) Warning or out of order signs shall be placed on the derrick and hoist.

     (v) The repairs of booms or derricks shall either be made when the booms are lowered and adequately supported or safely tied off.

     (vi) A good communication system shall be set up between the hoist operator and the appointed individual in charge of the derrick operations before any work on the equipment is started.

     (vii) Welding repairs shall be approved by an appointed person.

     (b) After adjustments and repairs have been made the derrick shall not be operated until all guards have been reinstalled, safety devices reactivated, and maintenance equipment removed.

     (3) Adjustments and repairs.

     (a) Any unsafe conditions disclosed by inspection shall be corrected before operation of the derrick is resumed.

     (b) Adjustments shall be maintained to assure correct functioning of components.

     (c) Repairs or replacements shall be provided promptly as needed for safe operation. The following are examples of conditions requiring prompt repair or replacement:

     (i) Hooks showing defects described in WAC 296-24-24507 (2)(f) shall be discarded.

     (ii) All critical parts which are cracked, broken, bent, or excessively worn.

     (iii) Pitted or burned electrical contacts should be corrected only by replacement and in sets. Controller parts should be lubricated as recommended by the manufacturer.

     (iv) All replacement and repaired parts shall have at least the original safety factor.



[Order 73-5, § 296-24-24511, filed 5/9/73 and Order 73-4, § 296-24-24511, filed 5/7/73.]

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296-24-24513
Rope inspection.

  (1) Running ropes. A thorough inspection of all ropes in use shall be made at least once a month and a full written, dated, and signed report of rope condition kept on file where readily available. Any deterioration, resulting in appreciable loss of original strength, such as described below, shall be carefully noted and determination made as to whether further use of the rope would constitute a safety hazard:

     (a) Reduction of rope diameter below nominal diameter due to loss of core support, internal or external corrosion, or wear of outside wires.

     (b) A number of broken outside wires and the degree of distribution or concentration of such broken wires.

     (c) Worn outside wires.

     (d) Corroded or broken wires at end connections.

     (e) Corroded, cracked, bent, worn, or improperly applied end connections.

     (f) Severe kinking, crushing, cutting, or unstranding.

     (2) Idle ropes. All rope which has been idle for a period of a month or more due to shutdown or storage of derrick on which it is installed shall be given a thorough inspection before it is placed in service. This inspection shall be for all types of deterioration. A written and dated report of the rope condition shall be available.

     (3) Nonrotating ropes. Particular care shall be taken in the inspection of nonrotating rope.

Note:

Limited travel ropes. Heavy wear and/or broken wires may occur in sections in contact with equalizer sheaves or other sheaves where rope travel is limited, or with saddles. Particular care shall be taken to inspect ropes at these locations.

[Order 73-5, § 296-24-24513, filed 5/9/73 and Order 73-4, § 296-24-24513, filed 5/7/73.]

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296-24-24515
Operations of derricks.

  Derrick operation shall be directed only by the individual specifically designated for that purpose.



[Order 73-5, § 296-24-24515, filed 5/9/73 and Order 73-4, § 296-24-24515, filed 5/7/73.]

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296-24-24517
Handling the load.

  (1) Size of load.

     (a) No derrick shall be loaded beyond the rated load.

     (b) When loads approach the maximum rating of the derrick, it shall be ascertained that the weight of the load has been determined within plus or minus 10 percent before it is lifted.

     (2) Attaching the load.

     (a) The hoist rope shall not be wrapped around the load.

     (b) The load shall be attached to the hook by means of slings or other suitable devices.

     (3) Moving the load.

     (a) The load shall be well secured and properly balanced in the sling or lifting device before it is lifted more than a few inches.

     (b) Before starting to hoist, the following conditions shall be noted:

     (i) Hoist rope shall not be kinked.

     (ii) Multiple part lines shall not be twisted around each other.

     (iii) The hook shall be brought over the load in such a manner as to prevent swinging.

     (iv) If there is a slack rope condition, it should be determined that the rope is properly seated on the drum and in the sheaves.

     (c) During hoisting, care shall be taken that:

     (i) There is no sudden acceleration or deceleration of the moving load.

     (ii) Load does not contact any obstructions.

     (d) A derrick shall not be used for side loading except when specifically authorized by a responsible person who has determined that the various structural components will not be overstressed.

     (e) No hoisting, lowering, or swinging shall be done while anyone is on the load or hook.

     (f) The operator shall avoid carrying loads over people.

     (g) The operator shall test the brakes each time a load approaching the rated load is handled by raising it a few inches and applying the brakes.

     (h) Neither the load nor boom shall be lowered below the point where less than two full wraps of rope remain on their respective drums.

     (i) When rotating a derrick, sudden starts and stops shall be avoided. Rotational speed shall be such that the load does not swing out beyond the radius at which it can be controlled.

     (j) Boom and hoisting rope systems shall not be twisted.

     (4) Holding the load.

     (a) The operator shall not be allowed to leave the control position while the load is suspended.

     (b) People should not be permitted to stand or pass under a load on the hook.

     (c) If the load must remain suspended for any considerable length of time, a dog, or pawl and ratchet, or other equivalent means, rather than the brake alone, shall be used to hold the load.

     (5) Use of winch heads.

     (a) Ropes shall not be handled on a winch head without the knowledge of the operator.

     (b) While a winch head is being used, the operator shall be within convenient reach of the power unit control lever.

     (6) Securing boom. Dogs, pawls, or other positive holding mechanism on the hoist shall be engaged. When not in use, the derrick boom shall:

     (a) Be laid down;

     (b) Be secured to a stationary member, as nearly under the head as possible, by attachment of a sling to the load block; or

     (c) Be hoisted to a vertical position and secured to the mast.



[Statutory Authority: Chapter 49.17 RCW. 94-15-096 (Order 94-07), § 296-24-24517, filed 7/20/94, effective 9/20/94; Order 73-5, § 296-24-24517, filed 5/9/73 and Order 73-4, § 296-24-24517, filed 5/7/73.]

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296-24-24519
Other requirements.

  (1) Guards.

     (a) Exposed moving parts, such as gears, ropes, setscrews, projecting keys, chains, chain sprockets, and reciprocating components, which constitute a hazard under normal operating conditions shall be guarded.

     (b) Guards shall be securely fastened.

     (c) Each guard shall be capable of supporting without permanent distortion, the weight of a two hundred-pound person unless the guard is located where it is impossible for a person to step on it.

     (2) Hooks.

     (a) Hooks shall meet the manufacturer's recommendations and shall not be overloaded.

     (b) Safety latch type hooks shall be used or the hooks shall be moused.

     (3) Fire extinguishers.

     (a) A carbon dioxide, dry chemical, or equivalent fire extinguisher shall be kept in the immediate vicinity of the derrick.

     (b) Operating and maintenance personnel shall be familiar with the use and care of the fire extinguishers proved.

     (4) Refueling.

     (a) Refueling with portable containers shall be done with approved safety type containers equipped with automatic closing spout and flame arrester. Refer to WAC 296-24-58501(19) for definition of approved.

     (b) Machines shall not be refueled with the engine running.

     (5) Operating near electric powerlines. For operations near overhead electric lines see chapter 296-24 WAC Part L.

     (6) Cab or operating enclosure.

     (a) Necessary clothing and personnel belongings shall be stored in such a manner as to not interfere with access or operation.

     (b) Tools, oilcans, waste, extra fuses, and other necessary articles shall be stored in the toolbox, and shall not be permitted to lie loose in or about the cab or operating enclosure.



[Statutory Authority: Chapter 49.17 RCW. 91-24-017 (Order 91-07), § 296-24-24519, filed 11/22/91, effective 12/24/91; 88-23-054 (Order 88-25), § 296-24-24519, filed 11/14/88. Statutory Authority: RCW 49.17.040, 49.17.150, and 49.17.240. 79-08-115 (Order 79-9), § 296-24-24519, filed 7/31/79; Order 73-5, § 296-24-24519, filed 5/9/73 and Order 73-4, § 296-24-24519, filed 5/7/73.]

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296-24-293
"A" frames.

  (1) All timbers for "A" frames shall be of correct size, length, and condition to sustain the maximum contemplated loads.

     (2) "A" frame timbers shall be braced with two spreaders spaced one-quarter the length of the "A" frame from each end. Cross bracing shall cross between the two spreaders. Bracing material shall be not less than two-thirds of the rated strength of the "A" frame timbers.

     (3) Tie rods (staybolts) of not less than one-twelfth the diameter of the main "A" frame timbers shall be used. Tie rods shall be placed directly above the upper spreader and directly below the lower spreader. Ends of bolts shall be secured at each end with malleable washers and nuts.

     (4) The base of the "A" frame shall be securely anchored. Elevating type "A" frames shall be set in pinion-type sockets. Pinion bases shall be securely anchored.

     (5) Guy lines shall be of sufficient strength to carry the load imposed upon them and shall be securely fastened in place.



[Order 73-5, § 296-24-293, filed 5/9/73 and Order 73-4, § 296-24-293, filed 5/7/73.]

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296-24-294
Rigging.

  



[Order 73-5, § 296-24-294, filed 5/9/73 and Order 73-4, § 296-24-294, filed 5/7/73.]

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296-24-29401
Wire rope.

  (1) Safe loads. Whenever used in connection with work, employment, occupations or uses to which these standards are applicable, wire rope shall not be subjected to loads in excess of one-fifth the breaking load as given in the schedule of the cable manufacturer. Except as required in standard for material hoists.

     (2) Condemned. When cables deteriorate through rust, wear, broken wires, undue strain or other conditions to the extent of fifteen percent of their original strength, use of cables shall be discontinued.

     (3) Straps and ribbons. The strap or steel ribbon type of cable shall not be used in the suspension of scaffolding.

     (4) Inspections. There shall be not less than monthly inspection of all wire rope in use, and all wire rope must be inspected before put into use.

     (5) Fastening. The following methods of fastening and attaching wire rope shall be adhered to:

     (a) Sockets. The end of wire rope to be set into socket fittings held securely with molten babbitt or zinc (not lead). The wires of the cable shall be frayed out and each wire bent toward the outside of socket, so that the end of each wire projects well into the depth of the socket. This method of fastening cables should be left in the hands of an experienced workers in this kind of work.

     (b) Wrapping. Thimbles spliced into rope and the splice securely wrapped.

     (c) Bolted. Thimbles inserted and held in place by at least a three bolt clamp or three U-bolt clips. Clamps shall be of standard size for the sizes of the cable in use.

     (d) Lashing. For temporary work, by-passing rope at least twice around large object such as a post, avoiding sharp points and carrying the end back several feet and securing it by clamps, clips or lashing to the cable.



[Statutory Authority: Chapter 49.17 RCW. 94-15-096 (Order 94-07), § 296-24-29401, filed 7/20/94, effective 9/20/94; Order 76-29, § 296-24-29401, filed 9/30/76; Order 73-5, § 296-24-29401, filed 5/9/73 and Order 73-4, § 296-24-29401, filed 5/7/73.]

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296-24-29403
Hemp rope.

  (1) Quality. Whenever hemp rope is used it shall be first grade long fiber Manila hemp rope.

     (2) Strength. Rope shall not be used to support loads in excess of those given in table for hemp and Manila rope.

     (3) Lashed. Supporting ropes shall be double lashed at each point of suspension.

     (4) Pads. Where supporting ropes are brought over sharp corners of steel, stone, or other material liable to cut the rope, or are in any other way subject to abrasion, they shall be protected at such points by the use of bagging, wooden blocks or other protective padding.

     (5) Knot ends. Rope knots shall have their loose and free ends lashed to the standing part in order to prevent their becoming untied.

     (6) Inspection. All ropes shall be inspected before used.

     (7) Defective rope. Rope badly frayed, rotted, exposed to the action of acid or caustic, or otherwise defective and unsafe, shall be condemned and destroyed to avoid all possibility of future use by mistake.



[Order 73-5, § 296-24-29403, filed 5/9/73 and Order 73-4, § 296-24-29403, filed 5/7/73.]

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296-24-29405
Hemp and wire rope slings.

  (1) Inspection. All rope slings shall be inspected thoroughly and regularly at intervals of not more than one month, and when not in use, shall be stored in a dry place.

     (2) Pads. Rope slings shall be protected with pads or blocks when wrapped around sharp edges of structural shapes, casting, etc.

     (3) Slip-noose. Slings shall not be used in single strand slip-noose form.

     (4) Acids. Hemp rope shall not be used as slings for handling objects contaminated with acid.

     (5) How attached. Hand-ropes (guide-ropes) shall not be attached to slings but to hoisting tackle, or (only when necessary) attached to the object handled.

     (6) Strength. All slings shall be of sufficient strength for handling the imposed loads. See tables given for hemp and wire ropes.

     (7) Double slings. Double slings shall be used on all horizontal loads over twelve feet in length, and the distance between the points where slings are attached shall be sufficient to prevent the load from tipping up endwise.

     (8) Spreaders. Spreaders shall be used where there is a danger of sling ends or "hitches" slipping together.

     (9) Defective -- Destroyed. Defective and unsafe slings shall be destroyed in order to avoid possibility of their being used by mistake.



[Order 73-5, § 296-24-29405, filed 5/9/73 and Order 73-4, § 296-24-29405, filed 5/7/73.]

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296-24-29407
Guys.

  Guy wires and ropes shall be of sufficient strength to carry the load imposed upon them and shall be securely fastened in place.



[Order 73-5, § 296-24-29407, filed 5/9/73 and Order 73-4, § 296-24-29407, filed 5/7/73.]

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296-24-29409
Thimbles.

  Wherever rope is permanently fastened by a single wrap to a metal object less in diameter or shortest measurement than three times the diameter of the rope, a galvanized thimble (of size intended for the rope) shall be inserted between the object and the loop of the rope.



[Order 73-5, § 296-24-29409, filed 5/9/73 and Order 73-4, § 296-24-29409, filed 5/7/73.]

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296-24-29411
Blocks and falls.

  Blocks and falls shall be carefully inspected before being used. Blocks shall be of substantial construction and maintained in good condition while in use. Blocks shall fit the sizes of ropes they carry and shall not chafe or abrade the ropes running through them.



[Order 73-5, § 296-24-29411, filed 5/9/73 and Order 73-4, § 296-24-29411, filed 5/7/73.]

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296-24-29413
Chains and cables.

  (1) If at any time any three foot length of chain is found to have stretched one-third the length of a link it shall be discarded.

     (2) The practice of placing bolts or nails between two links to shorten chains is prohibited.

     (3) Splicing broken chains by inserting a bolt between two links with the heads of the bolt and the nut sustaining the load, or passing one link through another and inserting a bolt or nail to hold it, is prohibited.

     (4) Wherever annealing of chains is attempted, it shall be done in properly equipped annealing furnaces and under the direct supervision of a competent person thoroughly versed in heat treating.

     (5) Cables shall be periodically inspected. A copy of the report of the inspections of each running cable shall be filed in a place readily accessible to the department, or authorized representative.




CRANE SIGNALS

1.	Do not remove the load or the crane unless you understand the floor signal clearly.
2.	Be careful that the load does not swing to injure your hook-on man/woman or other floorpersons; make certain they are in the clear.
3.	When raising or lowering the load, see that it will safely clear adjacent stockpiles or machinery.
4.	Never pick up a load greater than the capacity of your crane. In case of doubt, call your foreperson.
5.	Never do ANYTHING that is not safe.
6.	Co-operate with your hook-on or floorperson. You and he/she are a team handling a valuable piece of equipment -- Never let it become a hazard.

[Statutory Authority: RCW 49.17.040, 49.17.050, 49.17.240, chapters 43.22 and 42.30 RCW. 80-17-015 (Order 80-21), § 296-24-29413, filed 11/13/80; Order 73-5, § 296-24-29413, filed 5/9/73 and Order 73-4, § 296-24-29413, filed 5/7/73.]

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296-24-29415
Slings.

  This section applies to slings used in conjunction with other material handling equipment for the movement of material by hoisting, in employments covered by this chapter. The types of slings covered are those made from alloy steel chain, wire rope, metal mesh, natural or synthetic fiber rope (conventional three strand construction), and synthetic web (nylon, polyester, and polypropylene).



[Order 76-6, § 296-24-29415, filed 3/1/76.]

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296-24-29417
Definitions.

  (1) Angle of loading. Means the inclination of a leg or branch of a sling measured from the horizontal or vertical plane as shown in Fig. D-5: Provided, That an angle of loading of five degrees or less from the vertical may be considered a vertical angle of loading.

     (2) Basket hitch. Means a sling configuration whereby the sling is passed under the load and has both ends, end attachments, eyes or handles on the hook or a single master link.

     (3) Braided wire rope. Means a wire rope formed by plaiting component wire ropes.

     (4) Bridle wire rope sling. Means a sling composed of multiple wire rope legs with the top ends gathered in a fitting that goes over the lifting hook.

     (5) Cable laid endless sling-mechanical joint. Means a wire rope sling made endless by joining the ends of a single length of cable laid rope with one or more metallic fittings.

     (6) Cable laid grommet-hand tucked. Means an endless wire rope sling made from one length of rope wrapped six times around a core formed by hand tucking the ends of the rope inside the six wraps.

     (7) Cable laid rope. Means a wire rope composed of six wire ropes wrapped around a fiber or wire rope core.

     (8) Cable laid rope sling-mechanical joint. Means a wire rope sling made from a cable laid rope with eyes fabricated by pressing or swagging one or more metal sleeves over the rope junction.

     (9) Choker hitch. Means a sling configuration with one end of the sling passing under the load and through an end attachment, handle or eye on the other end of the sling.

     (10) Coating. Means an elastomer or other suitable material applied to a sling or to a sling component to impart desirable properties.

     (11) Cross rod. Means a wire used to join spirals of metal mesh to form a complete fabric. (See Fig. D-2.)

     (12) Designated. Means selected or assigned by the employer or the employer's representative as being qualified to perform specific duties.

     (13) Equivalent entity. Means a person or organization (including an employer) which, by possession of equipment, technical knowledge and skills, can perform with equal competence the same repairs and tests as the person or organization with which it is equated.

     (14) Fabric (metal mesh). Means the flexible portion of a metal mesh sling consisting of a series of transverse coils and cross rods.

     (15) Female handle (choker). Means a handle with a handle eye and a slot of such dimension as to permit passage of a male handle thereby allowing the use of a metal mesh sling in a choker hitch. (See Fig. D-1.)

     (16) Handle. Means a terminal fitting to which metal mesh fabric is attached. (See Fig. D-1.)

     (17) Handle eye. Means an opening in a handle of a metal mesh sling shaped to accept a hook, shackle or other lifting device. (See Fig. D-1.)

     (18) Hitch. Means a sling configuration whereby the sling is fastened to an object or load, either directly to it or around it.

     (19) Link. Means a single ring of a chain.

     (20) Male handle (triangle). Means a handle with a handle eye.

     (21) Master coupling link. Means an alloy steel welded coupling link used as an intermediate link to join alloy steel chain to master links. (See Fig. D-3.)

     (22) Master link or gathering ring. Means a forged or welded steel link used to support all members (legs) of an alloy steel chain sling or wire rope sling. (See Fig. D-3.)

     (23) Mechanical coupling link. Means a nonwelded, mechanically closed steel link used to attach master links, hooks, etc., to alloy steel chain.

     (24) Proof load. Means the load applied in performance of a proof test.

     (25) Proof test. Means a nondestructive tension test performed by the sling manufacturer or an equivalent entity to verify construction and workmanship of a sling.

     (26) Rated capacity or working load limit. Means the maximum working load permitted by the provisions of this section.

     (27) Reach. Means the effective length of an alloy steel chain sling measured from the top bearing surface of the upper terminal component to the bottom bearing surface of the lower terminal component.

     (28) Selvage edge. Means the finished edge of synthetic webbing designed to prevent unraveling.

     (29) Sling. Means an assembly which connects the load to the material handling equipment.

     (30) Sling manufacturer. Means a person or organization that assembles sling components into their final form for sale to users.

     (31) Spiral. Means a single transverse coil that is the basic element from which metal mesh is fabricated. (See Fig. D-2.)

     (32) Strand laid endless sling-mechanical joint. Means a wire rope sling made endless from one length of rope with the ends joined by one or more metallic fittings.

     (33) Strand laid grommet-hand tucked. Means an endless wire rope sling made from one length of strand wrapped six times around a core formed by hand tucking the ends of the strand inside the six wraps.

     (34) Strand laid rope. Means a wire rope made with strands (usually six or eight) wrapped around a fiber core, wire strand core, or independent wire rope core (IWRC).

     (35) Vertical hitch. Means a method of supporting a load by a single, vertical part or leg of the sling. (See Fig. D-4.)



[Order 76-6, § 296-24-29417, filed 3/1/76.]

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296-24-29419
Safe operating practices.

  Whenever any sling is used, the following practices shall be observed:

     (1) Slings that are damaged or defective shall not be used.

     (2) Slings shall not be shortened with knots or bolts or other makeshift devices.

     (3) Sling legs shall not be kinked.

     (4) Employers must not load a sling in excess of its recommended safe working load as prescribed by the sling manufacturer on the identification markings permanently affixed to the sling.

     (5) Slings used in a basket hitch shall have the loads balanced to prevent slippage.

     (6) Slings shall be securely attached to their loads.

     (7) Slings shall be padded or protected from the sharp edges of their loads.

     (8) Suspended loads shall be kept clear of all obstructions.

     (9) All employees shall be kept clear of loads about to be lifted and of suspended loads.

     (10) Hands or fingers shall not be placed between the sling and its load while the sling is being tightened around the load.

     (11) Shock loading is prohibited.

     (12) A sling shall not be pulled from under a load when the load is resting on the sling.

     (13) Employers must not use slings without affixed and legible identification markings.



[Statutory Authority: RCW 49.17.010, 49.17.040, 49.17.050, 49.17.060 and chapter 49.17 RCW. 12-24-071, § 296-24-29419, filed 12/4/12, effective 1/4/13; Order 76-6, § 296-24-29419, filed 3/1/76.]

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296-24-29421
Inspections.

  Each day before being used, the sling and all fastenings and attachments shall be inspected for damage or defects by a competent person designated by the employer. Additional inspections shall be performed during sling use, where service conditions warrant. Damaged or defective slings shall be immediately removed from service.



[Order 76-6, § 296-24-29421, filed 3/1/76.]

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296-24-29423
Alloy steel chain slings.

  (1) Sling identification. Alloy steel chain slings shall have permanently affixed durable identification stating size, grade, rated capacity and reach.

     (2) Attachments.

     (a) Hooks, rings, oblong links, pear shaped links, welded or mechanical coupling links or other attachments shall have a rated capacity at least equal to that of the alloy steel chain with which they are used or the sling shall not be used in excess of the rated capacity of the weakest component.

     (b) Makeshift links or fasteners formed from bolts or rods, or other such attachments, shall not be used.

     (3) Inspections.

     (a) In addition to the inspection required by WAC 296-24-29421, a thorough periodic inspection of alloy steel chain slings in use shall be made on a regular basis, to be determined on the basis of:

     (i) Frequency of sling use;

     (ii) Severity of service conditions;

     (iii) Nature of lifts being made; and

     (iv) Experience gained on the service life of slings used in similar circumstances. Such inspections shall in no event be at intervals greater than once every 12 months.

     (b) The employer shall make and maintain a record of the most recent month in which each alloy steel chain sling was thoroughly inspected, and shall make such record available for examination.

     (c) The thorough inspection of alloy steel chain slings shall be performed by a competent person designated by the employer, and shall include a thorough inspection for wear, defective welds, deformation and increase in length. Where such defects or deterioration are present, the sling shall be immediately removed from service.

     (4) Proof testing. The employer shall ensure that before use, each new, repaired, or reconditioned alloy steel chain sling, including all welded components in the sling assembly, shall be proof tested by the sling manufacturer or equivalent entity, in accordance with paragraph 5.2 of the American Society of Testing and Materials Specification A391-65 (ANSI G61.1-1968). The employer shall retain a certificate of the proof test and shall make it available for examination.

     (5) Safe operating temperatures. Employers must permanently remove an alloy steel-chain sling from service if it is heated above 1000°F. When exposed to service temperatures in excess of 600°F, employers must reduce the maximum working load limits permitted by the chain manufacturer in accordance with the chain or sling manufacturer's recommendations.

     (6) Repairing and reconditioning alloy steel chain slings.

     (a) Worn or damaged alloy steel chain slings or attachments shall not be used until repaired. When welding or heat testing is performed, slings shall not be used unless repaired, reconditioned and proof tested by the sling manufacturer or an equivalent entity.

     (b) Mechanical coupling links or low carbon steel repair links shall not be used to repair broken lengths of chain.

     (7) Effects of wear. If the chain size at any point of any links is less than that stated in Table D-1, the sling shall be removed from service.

     (8) Deformed attachments.

     (a) Alloy steel chain sling with cracked or deformed master links, coupling links or other components shall be removed from service.

     (b) Slings shall be removed from service if hooks are cracked, have been opened more than 15 percent of the normal throat opening measured at the narrowest point or twisted more than 10 degrees from the plane of the unbent hook.



[Statutory Authority: RCW 49.17.010, 49.17.040, 49.17.050, 49.17.060 and chapter 49.17 RCW. 12-24-071, § 296-24-29423, filed 12/4/12, effective 1/4/13; Order 76-29, § 296-24-29423, filed 9/30/76; Order 76-6, § 296-24-29423, filed 3/1/76.]

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296-24-29425
Wire rope slings.

  (1) Sling use. Employers must use only wire rope slings that have permanently affixed and legible identification markings as prescribed by the manufacturer, and that indicate the recommended safe working load for the type(s) of hitch(es) used, the angle upon which it is based, and the number of legs if more than one.

     (2) Minimum sling lengths.

     (a) Cable laid and 6x19 and 6x37 slings shall have a minimum clear length of wire rope 10 times the component rope diameter between splices, sleeves or end fittings.

     (b) Braided slings shall have a minimum clear length of wire rope 40 times the component rope diameter between the loops or end fittings.

     (c) Cable laid grommets, strand laid grommets and endless slings shall have a minimum circumferential length of 96 times their body diameter.

     (3) Safe operating temperatures. Fiber core wire rope slings of all grades shall be permanently removed from service if they are exposed to temperatures in excess of 200°F. When nonfiber core wire rope slings of any grade are used at temperatures above 400°F or below minus 60°F, recommendations of the sling manufacturer regarding use at that temperature shall be followed.

     (4) End attachments.

     (a) Welding of end attachments, except covers to thimbles, shall be performed prior to the assembly of the sling.

     (b) All welded end attachments shall not be used unless proof tested by the manufacturer or equivalent entity at twice their rated capacity prior to initial use. The employer shall retain a certificate of the proof test, and make it available for examination.

     (5) Removal from service. Wire rope slings shall be immediately removed from service if any of the following conditions are present:

     (a) Ten randomly distributed broken wires in one rope lay, or five broken wires in one strand in one rope lay.

     (b) Wear or scraping of one-third the original diameter of outside individual wires.

     (c) Kinking, crushing, bird caging or any other damage resulting in distortion of the wire rope structure.

     (d) Evidence of heat damage.

     (e) End attachments that are cracked, deformed or worn.

     (f) Hooks that have been opened more than 15 percent of the normal throat opening measured at the narrowest point or twisted more than 10 degrees from the plane of the unbent hook.

     (g) Corrosion of the rope or end attachments.



[Statutory Authority: RCW 49.17.010, 49.17.040, 49.17.050, 49.17.060 and chapter 49.17 RCW. 12-24-071, § 296-24-29425, filed 12/4/12, effective 1/4/13. Statutory Authority: RCW 49.17.040, 49.17.150, and 49.17.240. 79-08-115 (Order 79-9), § 296-24-29425, filed 7/31/79; Order 76-6, § 296-24-29425, filed 3/1/76.]

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296-24-29427
Metal mesh slings.

  (1) Sling marking. Each metal mesh sling shall have permanently affixed to it a durable marking that states the rated capacity for vertical basket hitch and choker hitch loadings.

     (2) Handles. Handles shall have a rated capacity at least equal to the metal fabric and exhibit no deformation after proof testing.

     (3) Attachments of handles to fabric. The fabric and handles shall be joined so that:

     (a) The rated capacity of the sling is not reduced.

     (b) The load is evenly distributed across the width of the fabric.

     (c) Sharp edges will not damage the fabric.

     (4) Sling coatings. Coatings which diminish the rated capacity of a sling shall not be applied.

     (5) Sling testing. All new and repaired metal mesh slings, including handles, shall not be used unless proof tested by the manufacturer or equivalent entity at a minimum of 1-1/2 times their rated capacity. Elastomer impregnated slings shall be proof tested before coating.

     (6) Safe operating temperatures. Metal mesh slings which are not impregnated with elastomers may be used in a temperature range from minus 20°F to plus 550°F without decreasing the working load limit. Metal mesh slings impregnated with polyvinyl chloride or neoprene may be used only in a temperature range from zero degrees to plus 200°F. For operations outside these temperature ranges or for metal mesh slings impregnated with other materials, the sling manufacturer's recommendations shall be followed.

     (7) Repairs.

     (a) Metal mesh slings which are repaired shall not be used unless repaired by a metal mesh sling manufacturer or an equivalent entity.

     (b) Once repaired, each sling shall be permanently marked or tagged, or a written record maintained, to indicate the date and nature of the repairs and the person or organization that performed the repairs. Records of repairs shall be made available for examination.

     (8) Removal from service. Metal mesh slings shall be immediately removed from service if any of the following conditions are present:

     (a) A broken weld or broken brazed joint along the sling edge.

     (b) Reduction in wire diameter of 25 percent due to abrasion or 15 percent due to corrosion.

     (c) Lack of flexibility due to distortion of the fabric.

     (d) Distortion of the female handle so that the depth of the slot is increased more than 10 percent.

     (e) Distortion of either handle so that the width of the eye is decreased more than 10 percent.

     (f) A 15 percent reduction of the original cross sectional area of metal at any point around the handle eye.

     (g) Distortion of either handle out of its plane.



[Statutory Authority: RCW 49.17.010, 49.17.040, 49.17.050, 49.17.060 and chapter 49.17 RCW. 12-24-071, § 296-24-29427, filed 12/4/12, effective 1/4/13; Order 76-6, § 296-24-29427, filed 3/1/76.]

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296-24-29429
Natural and synthetic fiber rope slings.

  (1) Sling use.

     (a) Employers must use natural and synthetic fiber rope slings that have permanently affixed and legible identification markings stating the rated capacity for the type(s) of hitch(es) used and the angle upon which it is based, type of fiber material, and the number of legs if more than one.

     (b) Fiber rope slings shall have a diameter of curvature meeting at least the minimums specified in Figs. D-4 and D-5.

     (c) Slings not included in these tables shall be used only in accordance with the manufacturer's recommendations.

     (2) Safe operating temperatures. Natural and synthetic fiber rope slings, except for wet frozen slings, may be used in a temperature range from minus 20°F to plus 180°F without decreasing the working load limit. For operations outside this temperature range and for wet frozen slings, the sling manufacturer's recommendations shall be followed.

     (3) Splicing. Spliced fiber rope slings shall not be used unless they have been spliced in accordance with the following minimum requirements and in accordance with any additional recommendations of the manufacturer:

     (a) In manila rope, eye splices shall consist of at least three full tucks, and short splices shall consist of at least six full tucks, three on each side of the splice center line.

     (b) In synthetic fiber rope, eye splices shall consist of at least four full tucks, and short splices shall consist of at least eight full tucks, four on each side of the center line.

     (c) Strand end tails shall not be trimmed flush with the surface of the rope immediately adjacent to the full tucks. This applies to all types of fiber rope and both eye and short splices. For fiber rope under one inch in diameter, the tail shall project at least six rope diameters beyond the last full tuck. For fiber rope one inch in diameter and larger, the tail shall project at least six inches beyond the last full tuck. Where a projecting tail interferes with the use of the sling, the tail shall be tapered and spliced into the body of the rope using at least two additional tucks (which will require a tail length of approximately six rope diameters beyond the last full tuck).

     (d) Fiber rope slings shall have a minimum clear length of rope between eye splices equal to 10 times the rope diameter.

     (e) Knots shall not be used in lieu of splices.

     (f) Clamps not designed specifically for fiber ropes shall not be used for splicing.

     (g) For all eye splices, the eye shall be of such size to provide an included angle of not greater than 60 degrees at the splice when the eye is placed over the load or support.

     (4) End attachments. Fiber rope slings shall not be used if end attachments in contact with the rope have sharp edges or projections.

     (5) Removal from service. Natural and synthetic fiber rope slings shall be immediately removed from service if any of the following conditions are present:

     (a) Abnormal wear.

     (b) Powdered fiber between strands.

     (c) Broken or cut fibers.

     (d) Variations in the size or roundness of strands.

     (e) Discoloration or rotting.

     (f) Distortion of hardware in the sling.

     (6) Repairs. Only fiber rope slings made from new rope shall be used. Use of repaired or reconditioned fiber rope slings is prohibited.



[Statutory Authority: RCW 49.17.010, 49.17.040, 49.17.050, 49.17.060 and chapter 49.17 RCW. 12-24-071, § 296-24-29429, filed 12/4/12, effective 1/4/13; Order 76-6, § 296-24-29429, filed 3/1/76.]

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296-24-29431
Synthetic web slings.

  (1) Sling identification. Each sling shall be marked or coded to show the rated capacities for each type of hitch and type of synthetic web material.

     (2) Webbing. Synthetic webbing shall be of uniform thickness and width and selvage edges shall not be split from the webbing's width.

     (3) Fittings. Fittings shall be:

     (a) Of a minimum breaking strength equal to that of the sling; and

     (b) Free of all sharp edges that could in any way damage the webbing.

     (4) Attachment of end fittings to webbing and formation of eyes. Stitching shall be the only method used to attach end fittings to webbing and to form eyes. The thread shall be in an even pattern and contain a sufficient number of stitches to develop the full breaking strength of the sling.

     (5) Environmental conditions. When synthetic web slings are used, the following precautions shall be taken:

     (a) Nylon web slings shall not be used where fumes, vapors, sprays, mists or liquids of acids or phenolics are present.

     (b) Polyester and polypropylene web slings shall not be used where fumes, vapors, sprays, mists or liquids of caustics are present.

     (c) Web slings with aluminum fittings shall not be used where fumes, vapors, sprays, mists or liquids of caustics are present.

     (6) Safe operating temperatures. Synthetic web slings of polyester and nylon shall not be used at temperatures in excess of 180°F. Polypropylene web slings shall not be used at temperatures in excess of 200°F.

     (7) Repairs.

     (a) Synthetic web slings which are repaired shall not be used unless repaired by a sling manufacturer or an equivalent entity.

     (b) Each repaired sling shall be proof tested by the manufacturer or equivalent entity to twice the rated capacity prior to its return to service. The employer shall retain a certificate of the proof test and make it available for examination.

     (c) Slings, including webbing and fittings, which have been repaired in a temporary manner shall not be used.

     (8) Removal from service. Synthetic web slings shall be immediately removed from service if any of the following conditions are present:

     (a) Acid or caustic burns;

     (b) Melting or charring of any part of the sling surface;

     (c) Snags, punctures, tears or cuts;

     (d) Broken or worn stitches; or

     (e) Distortion of fittings.






Figure D-1

Metal Mesh Sling (Typical)





Figure D-2

Metal Mesh Construction







Figure D-3

Major Components of a Quadruple Sling

TABLE D-1


MINIMUM ALLOWABLE CHAIN SIZE

AT ANY POINT OF LINK

Chain Size, Inches						Minimum Allowable Chain Size, Inches
	1/4	. . . . . . . . . . . .						13/64
	3/8	. . . . . . . . . . . .						19/64
	1/2	. . . . . . . . . . . .						25/64
	5/8	. . . . . . . . . . . .						31/64
	3/4	. . . . . . . . . . . .						19/32
	7/8	. . . . . . . . . . . .						45/64
	1 . . . . . . . . . . . .							13/16
	1- 1/8	. . . . . . . . . . . .						29/32
	1- 1/4	. . . . . . . . . . . .					1
	1- 3/8	. . . . . . . . . . . .					1- 3/32
	1- 1/2	. . . . . . . . . . . .					1- 3/16
	1- 3/4	. . . . . . . . . . . .					1-13/32

Notes:	Angles of 5° or less from the vertical may be considered vertical angles.
	For slings with legs more than 5° off vertical, the actual angle as shown in Figure D-5 must be considered.

EXPLANATION OF SYMBOLS: Minimum diameter of curvature

	Represents a contact surface which shall have a diameter of curvature at least double the diameter of the rope.
	Represents a contact surface which shall have a diameter of curvature at least 8 times the diameter of the rope.
	Represents a load in a choker hitch and illustration the rotary force on the load and/or the slippage of the rope in contact with the load. Diameter of curvature of load surface shall be at least double the diameter of the rope.

Figure D-4


Basic Sling Configurations with Vertical Legs

Notes:

For vertical angles of 5° or less, refer to Figure D-4 "basic sling configuration with vertical legs."

See Figure D-4 for explanation of symbols.



Figure D-5


Sling Configurations with Angled Legs





Figure D-6


Basic Synthetic Web Sling Constructions




[Statutory Authority: RCW 49.17.010, 49.17.040, 49.17.050, 49.17.060 and chapter 49.17 RCW. 12-24-071, § 296-24-29431, filed 12/4/12, effective 1/4/13; Order 76-6, § 296-24-29431, filed 3/1/76.]

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296-24-295
Compressed gases (general requirements).

  



[Order 73-5, § 296-24-295, filed 5/9/73 and Order 73-4, § 296-24-295, filed 5/7/73.]

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296-24-29501
Inspection of compressed gas cylinders.

  Each employer shall determine that compressed gas cylinders under the employer's control are in a safe condition to the extent that this can be determined by visual inspection. Visual and other inspections shall be conducted as prescribed in the hazardous materials regulations of the department of transportation (49 C.F.R. Parts 171-179 and 14 C.F.R. Part 103). Where those regulations are not applicable, visual and other inspections shall be conducted in accordance with Compressed Gas Association Pamphlets C-6-1968 and C-8-1962.



[Statutory Authority: Chapter 49.17 RCW. 94-15-096 (Order 94-07), § 296-24-29501, filed 7/20/94, effective 9/20/94; Order 73-5, § 296-24-29501, filed 5/9/73 and Order 73-4, § 296-24-29501, filed 5/7/73.]

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296-24-29503
Compressed gases.

  The in-plant handling, storage, and utilization of all compressed gases in cylinders, portable tanks, rail tankcars, or motor vehicle cargo tanks shall be in accordance with Compressed Gas Association Pamphlet P-1-1965.



[Order 73-5, § 296-24-29503, filed 5/9/73 and Order 73-4, § 296-24-29503, filed 5/7/73.]

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296-24-29505
Safety relief devices for compressed gas containers.

  Compressed gas cylinders, portable tanks, and cargo tanks shall have pressure relief devices installed and maintained in accordance with Compressed Gas Association Pamphlets S-1.1-1963 and 1965 addenda and S-1.2-1963.



[Order 73-5, § 296-24-29505, filed 5/9/73 and Order 73-4, § 296-24-29505, filed 5/7/73.]

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296-24-310
Acetylene.

  



[Order 73-5, § 296-24-310, filed 5/9/73 and Order 73-4, § 296-24-310, filed 5/7/73.]

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296-24-31001
Cylinders.

  Employers must ensure that the in-plant transfer, handling, storage, and use of acetylene in cylinders comply with the provisions of CGA Pamphlet G-1-2009 (Acetylene) (Compressed Gas Association, Inc., 12th ed., 2009).



[Statutory Authority: RCW 49.17.010, 49.17.040, 49.17.050, 49.17.060, and chapter 49.17 RCW. 12-16-063, § 296-24-31001, filed 7/31/12, effective 9/1/12; 10-09-089, § 296-24-31001, filed 4/20/10, effective 7/1/10; Order 73-5, § 296-24-31001, filed 5/9/73 and Order 73-4, § 296-24-31001, filed 5/7/73.]

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296-24-31003
Piped systems.

  (1) Employers must comply with Chapter 9 (Acetylene Piping) of NFPA 51A-2006 (Standard for Acetylene Charging Plants) (National Fire Protection Association, 2006 ed., 2006).

     (2) When employers can demonstrate that the facilities, equipment, structures, or installations used to generate acetylene or to charge (fill) acetylene cylinders were installed prior to February 16, 2006, these employers may comply with the provisions of Chapter 7 (Acetylene Piping) of NFPA 51A-2001 (Standard for Acetylene Charging Plants) (National Fire Protection Association, 2001 ed., 2001).

     (3) The provisions of subsection (2) of this section also apply when the facilities, equipment, structures, or installations used to generate acetylene or to charge (fill) acetylene cylinders were approved for construction or installation prior to February 16, 2006, but constructed and installed on or after that date.

Note:

For additional information on acetylene piping systems, see CGA G-1.2-2006, Part 3 (Acetylene Piping) (Compressed Gas Association, Inc., 3rd ed., 2006).

[Statutory Authority: RCW 49.17.010, 49.17.040, 49.17.050, 49.17.060, and chapter 49.17 RCW. 10-09-089, § 296-24-31003, filed 4/20/10, effective 7/1/10; Order 73-5, § 296-24-31003, filed 5/9/73 and Order 73-4, § 296-24-31003, filed 5/7/73.]

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296-24-31005
Generators and filling cylinders.

  (1) Employers must ensure that facilities, equipment, structures, or installations used to generate acetylene or to charge (fill) acetylene cylinders comply with the provisions of NFPA 51A-2006 (Standard for Acetylene Charging Plants) (National Fire Protection Association, 2006 ed., 2006).

     (2) When employers can demonstrate that the facilities, equipment, structures, or installations used to generate acetylene or to charge (fill) acetylene cylinders were constructed or installed prior to February 16, 2006, these employers may comply with the provisions of NFPA 51A-2001 (Standard for Acetylene Charging Plants) (National Fire Protection Association, 2001 ed., 2001).

     (3) The provisions of subsection (2) of this section also apply when the facilities, equipment, structures, or installations were approved for construction or installation prior to February 16, 2006, but constructed and installed on or after that date.



[Statutory Authority: RCW 49.17.010, 49.17.040, 49.17.050, 49.17.060, and chapter 49.17 RCW. 10-09-089, § 296-24-31005, filed 4/20/10, effective 7/1/10; Order 73-5, § 296-24-31005, filed 5/9/73 and Order 73-4, § 296-24-31005, filed 5/7/73.]

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296-24-315
Hydrogen.

  



[Order 73-5, § 296-24-315, filed 5/9/73 and Order 73-4, § 296-24-315, filed 5/7/73.]

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296-24-31501
General.

  (1) Definitions as used in this section.

     (a) Gaseous hydrogen system is one in which the hydrogen is delivered, stored and discharged in the gaseous form to consumer's piping. The system includes stationary or movable containers, pressure regulators, safety relief devices, manifolds, interconnecting piping and controls. The system terminates at the point where hydrogen at service pressure first enters the consumer's distribution piping.

     (b) Approved -- Means unless otherwise indicated, listed or approved by a nationally recognized testing laboratory. Refer to federal regulation 29 C.F.R. 1910.7 for definition of nationally recognized testing laboratory.

     (c) Listed -- See "approved."

     (d) ASME -- American Society of Mechanical Engineers.

     (e) DOT specifications -- Regulations of the department of transportation published in 49 C.F.R. Chapter I.

     (f) DOT regulations -- See WAC 296-24-315.

     (2) Scope.

     (a) Gaseous hydrogen systems.

     (i) WAC 296-24-31503 applies to the installation of gaseous hydrogen systems on consumer premises where the hydrogen supply to the consumer premises originates outside the consumer premises and is delivered by mobile equipment.

     (ii) WAC 296-24-31503 does not apply to gaseous hydrogen systems having a total hydrogen content of less than four hundred cubic feet, nor to hydrogen manufacturing plants or other establishments operated by the hydrogen supplier or their agent for the purpose of storing hydrogen and refilling portable containers, trailers, mobile supply trucks, or tank cars.

     (b) Liquefied hydrogen systems.

     (i) WAC 296-24-31505 applies to the installation of liquefied hydrogen systems on consumer premises.

     (ii) WAC 296-24-31505 does not apply to liquefied hydrogen portable containers of less than one hundred fifty liters (39.63 gallons) capacity; nor to liquefied hydrogen manufacturing plants or other establishments operated by the hydrogen supplier or supplier's agent for the sole purpose of storing liquefied hydrogen and refilling portable containers, trailers, mobile supply trucks or tank cars.



[Statutory Authority: Chapter 49.17 RCW. 94-15-096 (Order 94-07), § 296-24-31501, filed 7/20/94, effective 9/20/94; 88-23-054 (Order 88-25), § 296-24-31501, filed 11/14/88; Order 73-5, § 296-24-31501, filed 5/9/73 and Order 73-4, § 296-24-31501, filed 5/7/73.]

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296-24-31503
Gaseous hydrogen systems.

  (1) Design.

     (a) Containers.

     (i) Hydrogen containers shall comply with one of the following:

     (A) Designed, constructed, and tested in accordance with appropriate requirements of ASME Boiler and Pressure Vessel Code, Section VIII -- Unfired Pressure Vessels -- 1968.

     (B) Designed, constructed, tested and maintained in accordance with U.S. Department of Transportation specifications and regulations.

     (ii) Permanently installed containers shall be provided with substantial noncombustible supports on firm noncombustible foundations.

     (iii) Each portable container shall be legibly marked with the name "hydrogen" in accordance with "marking compressed gas containers to identify the material contained" ANSI Z48.1-1954. Each manifolded hydrogen supply unit shall be legibly marked with the name hydrogen or a legend such as "this unit contains hydrogen."

     (b) Safety relief devices.

     (i) Hydrogen containers shall be equipped with safety relief devices as required by the ASME Boiler and Pressure Vessel Code, Section VIII Unfired Pressure Vessels, 1968 or the DOT specifications and regulations under which the container is fabricated.

     (ii) Safety relief devices shall be arranged to discharge upward and unobstructed to the open air in such a manner as to prevent any impingement of escaping gas upon the container, adjacent structure of personnel. This requirement does not apply to DOT specification containers having an internal volume of 2 cubic feet or less.

     (iii) Safety relief devices or vent piping shall be designed or located so that moisture cannot collect and freeze in a manner which would interfere with proper operation of the device.

     (c) Piping, tubing, and fittings.

     (i) Piping, tubing, and fittings shall be suitable for hydrogen service and for the pressures and temperatures involved. Case iron pipe and fittings shall not be used.

     (ii) Piping and tubing shall conform to Section 2 -- "Industrial Gas and Air Piping" -- Code for Pressure Piping, ANSI B31.1-1967 with addenda B31.1-1969.

     (iii) Joints in piping and tubing may be made by welding or brazing or by use of flanged, threaded, socket, or compression fittings. Gaskets and thread sealants shall be suitable for hydrogen service.

     (d) Equipment assembly.

     (i) Valves, gauges, regulators, and other accessories shall be suitable for hydrogen service.

     (ii) Installation of hydrogen systems shall be supervised by personnel familiar with proper practices with reference to their construction and use.

     (iii) Storage containers, piping, valves, regulating equipment, and other accessories shall be readily accessible, and shall be protected against physical damage and against tampering.

     (iv) Cabinets or housings containing hydrogen control or operating equipment shall be adequately ventilated.

     (v) Each mobile hydrogen supply unit used as part of a hydrogen system shall be adequately secured to prevent movement.

     (vi) Mobile hydrogen supply units shall be electrically bonded to the system before discharging hydrogen.

     (e) Marking. The hydrogen storage location shall be permanently placarded as follows: "HYDROGEN -- FLAMMABLE GAS -- NO SMOKING -- NO OPEN FLAMES," or equivalent.

     (f) Testing. After installations, all piping, tubing, and fittings shall be tested and proved hydrogen gas tight at maximum operating pressure.

     (2) Location.

     (a) General.

     (i) The system shall be located so that it is readily accessible to delivery equipment and to authorized personnel.

     (ii) Systems shall be located above ground.

     (iii) Systems shall not be located beneath electric power lines.

     (iv) Systems shall not be located close to flammable liquid piping or piping of other flammable gases.

     (v) Systems near aboveground flammable liquid storage shall be located on ground higher than the flammable liquid storage except when dikes, diversion curbs, grading, or separating solid walls are used to prevent accumulation of flammable liquids under the system.

     (b) Specific requirements.

     (i) The location of a system, as determined by the maximum total contained volume of hydrogen, shall be in the order of preference as indicated by Roman numerals in Table H-1.

TABLE H-1

Nature of location	Size of hydrogen system
	Less than 3,000 CF			3,000 CF to 15,000 CF				In excess of 15,000 CF
Outdoors ————————––		I	————		I	————		I.
In a separate building ————		II	————		II	————		II.
In a special room ——————		III	————		III	————		Not per- mitted.
Inside buildings not in      a special room and      exposed to other      occupancies —————–		IV	———	Not per- mitted.			———	Not per- mitted.

     (ii) The minimum distance in feet from a hydrogen system of indicated capacity located outdoors, in separate buildings or in special rooms to any specified outdoor exposure shall be in accordance with Table H-2.

     (iii) The distances in Table H-2 Items 1, 14, and 3 to 10 inclusive do not apply where protective structures such as adequate fire walls are located between the system and the exposure.

     (iv) Hydrogen systems of less than 3,000 CF when located inside buildings and exposed to other occupancies shall be situated in the building so that the system will be as follows:

     (A) In an adequately ventilated area as in (3)(b)(ii) of this section.

     (B) Twenty feet from stored flammable materials or oxidizing gases.

     (C) Twenty-five feet from open flames, ordinary electrical equipment or other sources of ignition.

     (D) Twenty-five feet from concentrations of people.

     (E) Fifty feet from intakes of ventilation or air-conditioning equipment and air compressors.

     (F) Fifty feet from other flammable gas storage.

     (G) Protected against damage or injury due to falling objects or working activity in the area.

     (H) More than one system of 3,000 CF or less may be installed in the same room, provided the systems are separated by at least 50 feet. Each such system shall meet all of the requirements of this section.

     (3) Design consideration at specific locations.

     (a) Outdoor locations.

     (i) Where protective walls or roofs are provided, they shall be constructed of noncombustible materials.

     (ii) Where the enclosing sides adjoin each other, the area shall be properly ventilated.

     (iii) Electrical equipment shall meet the requirements for Class I, Division 2 hazardous locations of WAC 296-24-95613.

     (b) Separate buildings.

     (i) Separate buildings shall be built of at least noncombustible construction. Windows and doors shall be located so as to be readily accessible in case of emergency. Windows shall be of glass or plastic in metal frames.

     (ii) Adequate ventilation to the outdoors shall be provided. Inlet openings shall be located near the floor in exterior walls only. Outlet openings shall be located at the high point of the room in exterior walls or roof. Inlet and outlet openings shall each have minimum total area of one square foot per 1,000 cubic feet of room volume. Discharge from outlet openings shall be directed or conducted to a safe location.

     (iii) Explosion venting shall be provided in exterior walls or roof only. The venting area shall be equal to not less than 1 square foot per 30 cubic feet of room volume and may consist of any one or any combination of the following: Walls of light noncombustible material, preferably single thickness, single strength glass; lightly fastened hatch covers; lightly fastened swinging doors in exterior walls opening outward; lightly fastened walls or roof designed to relieve at a maximum pressure of 25 pounds per square foot.

     (iv) There shall be no sources of ignition from open flames, electrical equipment, or heating equipment.

     (v) Electrical equipment shall meet the requirements of chapter 296-24 WAC Part L.

     (vi) Heating, if provided, shall be by steam, hot water, or other indirect means.

     (c) Special rooms.

     (i) Floor, walls, and ceiling shall have a fire-resistance rating of at least 2 hours. Walls or partitions shall be continuous from floor to ceiling and shall be securely anchored. At least one wall shall be an exterior wall. Openings to other parts of the building shall not be permitted. Windows and doors shall be in exterior walls and shall be located so as to be readily accessible in case of emergency. Windows shall be of glass or plastic in metal frames.

     (ii) Ventilation shall be as provided in (3)(b)(ii) of this section.

     (iii) Explosion venting shall be as provided in (3)(b)(iii) of this section.

     (iv) There shall be no sources of ignition from open flames, electrical equipment or heating equipment.

     (v) Electrical equipment shall meet the requirements of chapter 296-24 WAC Part L.

     (vi) Heating, if provided, shall be by steam, hot water, or indirect means.

     (4) Operating instructions. For installations which require any operation of equipment by the user, legible instructions shall be maintained at operating locations.

     (5) Maintenance.

     (a) The equipment and functioning of each charged gaseous hydrogen system shall be maintained in a safe operating condition in accordance with the requirements of this section. The area within 15 feet of any hydrogen container shall be kept free of dry vegetation and combustible material.

TABLE H-2

				Size of hydrogen system
	Type of outdoor exposure			Less than 3,000 CF		3,000 CF to 15,000 CF		In excess of 15,000 CF
1.	Building or structure ———–		Wood frame construction* Heavy timber, noncombustible or ordinary construction* Fire-resistive construction*	- 10 - 0 - 0		25 10 0		50 **25 0
2.	Wall openings	-	Not above any part of a system —––– Above any part of a system ———	10 25		10 25		10 25
3.	Flammable liq- uids above ground ————		0 to 1,000 gallons In excess of 1,000 gallons ———	- 10 - 25		25 50		25 50
4.	Flammable liquids below ground----0 to 1,000 gallons	-	Tank —————— Vent or fill opening of tank ———	- 10 25		10 25		10 25
5.	Flammable liquids below ground----in excess of 1,000 gallons	-	Tank —————— Vent or fill opening of tank ———	- 20 25		20 25		20 25
6.	Flammable gas storage, either high pressure or low pressure ——		0 to 15,000 CF capacity ——– In excess of 15,000 CF capacity —	- 10 25		25 50		25 50
7.	Oxygen storage	-	12,000 CF or less	-	Refer to NFPA No. 51, gas systems for welding and cutting (1969).
			More than 12,000 CF	-	Refer to NFPA No. 566, bulk oxygen systems at consumer sites (1969).
8.	Fast burning solids such as ordinary lumber, excelsior or paper ————————–			50		50		25
9.	Slow burning solids such as heavy timber or coal ————————————––			25		25		25
10.	Open flames and other sources of ignition ————————–			25		25		50
11.	Air compressor intakes or inlets to ventilating or air-condition equipment ———————————–			50		50		50
12.	Concentration of people*** ————–			25		50		50
13.	Public sidewalks —————————			15		15		15
14.	Line of adjoining property which may be built upon ———————————–			5		5		5

*	Refer to NFPA No. 220 standard types of building construction for definitions of various types of construction. (1969 Ed.)
**	But not less than one-half the height of adjacent side wall of the structure.
***	In congested areas such as offices, lunchrooms, locker rooms, time-clock areas, and places of public assembly.

[Statutory Authority: Chapter 49.17 RCW. 91-24-017 (Order 91-07), § 296-24-31503, filed 11/22/91, effective 12/24/91; 88-23-054 (Order 88-25), § 296-24-31503, filed 11/14/88. Statutory Authority: RCW 49.17.040 and 49.17.050. 85-10-004 (Order 85-09), § 296-24-31503, filed 4/19/85; Order 76-6, § 296-24-31503, filed 3/1/76; Order 73-5, § 296-24-31503, filed 5/9/73 and Order 73-4, § 296-24-31503, filed 5/7/73.]

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296-24-31505
Liquefied hydrogen systems.

  (1) Design.

     (a) Containers.

     (i) Hydrogen containers shall comply with the following: Storage containers shall be designed, constructed, and tested in accordance with appropriate requirements of the ASME Boiler and Pressure Vessel Code, Section VIII -- Unfired Pressure Vessels (1968) or applicable provisions of API Standard 620, Recommended Rules for Design and Construction of Large, Welded, Low-Pressure Storage Tanks, Second Edition (June 1963) and Appendix R (April 1965).

     (ii) Portable containers shall be designed, constructed and tested in accordance with DOT specifications and regulations.

     (b) Supports. Permanently installed containers shall be provided with substantial noncombustible supports securely anchored on firm noncombustible foundations. Steel supports in excess of 18 inches in height shall be protected with a protective coating having a 2-hour fire-resistance rating.

     (c) Marking. Each container shall be legibly marked to indicate "LIQUEFIED HYDROGEN -- FLAMMABLE GAS."

     (d) Safety relief devices.

     (i) Stationary liquefied hydrogen containers shall be equipped with safety relief devices sized in accordance with CGA Pamphlet S-1-1966, Part 3, Safety Relief Device Standards for Compressed Gas Storage Containers.

     (A) Portable liquefied hydrogen containers complying with the U.S. Department of Transportation regulations shall be equipped with safety relief devices as required in the U.S. Department of Transportation specifications and regulations. Safety relief devices shall be sized in accordance with the requirements of CGA Pamphlet S-1-1966, Safety Relief Device Standards, Part 1, Compressed Gas Cylinders and Part 2, Cargo and Portable Tank Containers.

     (ii) Safety relief devices shall be arranged to discharge unobstructed to the outdoors and in such a manner as to prevent impingement of escaping liquid or gas upon the container, adjacent structures or personnel. See (2)(a)(vi) of this section for venting of safety relief devices in special locations.

     (iii) Safety relief devices or vent piping shall be designed or located so that moisture cannot collect and freeze in a manner which would interfere with proper operation of the device.

     (iv) Safety relief devices shall be provided in piping wherever liquefied hydrogen could be trapped between closures

     (e) Piping, tubing, and fittings.

     (i) Piping, tubing, and fittings and gasket and thread sealants shall be suitable for hydrogen service at the pressures and temperatures involved. Consideration shall be given to the thermal expansion and contraction of piping systems when exposed to temperature fluctuations of ambient to liquefied hydrogen temperatures.

     (ii) Gaseous hydrogen piping and tubing (above -- 20°F) shall conform to the applicable sections of Pressure Piping Section 2 -- Industrial Gas and Air Piping, ANSI B31.1-1967 with addenda B31.1-1969. Design of liquefied hydrogen or cold (-20°F or below) gas piping shall use Petroleum Refinery Piping ANSI B31.3-1966 or Refrigeration Piping ANSI B31.5-1966 with addenda B31.5a-1968 as a guide.

     (iii) Joints in piping and tubing shall preferably be made by welding or brazing; flanged, threaded, socket, or suitable compression fittings may be used.

     (iv) Means shall be provided to minimize exposure of personnel to piping operating at low temperatures and to prevent air condensate from contacting piping, structural members, and surfaces not suitable for cryogenic temperatures. Only those insulating materials which are rated nonburning in accordance with ASTM Procedures D1692-68 may be used. Other protective means may be used to protect personnel. The insulation shall be designed to have a vapor-tight seal in the outer covering to prevent the condensation of air and subsequent oxygen enrichment within the insulation. The insulation material and outside shield shall also be of adequate design to prevent attrition of the insulation due to normal operating conditions.

     (v) Uninsulated piping and equipment which operate at liquefied-hydrogen temperature shall not be installed above asphalt surfaces or other combustible materials in order to prevent contact of liquid air with such materials. Drip pans may be installed under uninsulated piping and equipment to retain and vaporize condensed liquid air.

     (f) Equipment assembly.

     (i) Valves, gauges, regulators, and other accessories shall be suitable for liquefied hydrogen service and for the pressures and temperatures involved.

     (ii) Installation of liquefied hydrogen systems shall be supervised by personnel familiar with proper practices and with reference to their construction and use.

     (iii) Storage containers, piping, valves, regulating equipment, and other accessories shall be readily accessible and shall be protected against physical damage and against tampering. A shutoff valve shall be located in liquid product withdrawal lines as close to the container as practical. On containers of over 2,000 gallons capacity, this shutoff valve shall be of the remote control type with no connections, flanges, or other appurtenances (other than a welded manual shutoff valve) allowed in the piping between the shutoff valve and its connection to the inner container.

     (iv) Cabinets or housings containing hydrogen control equipment shall be ventilated to prevent any accumulation of hydrogen gas.

     (g) Testing.

     (i) After installation, all field-erected piping shall be tested and proved hydrogen gas-tight at operating pressure and temperature.

     (ii) Containers if out of service in excess of 1 year shall be inspected and tested as outlined in (1) of this section. The safety relief devices shall be checked to determine if they are operable and properly set.

     (h) Liquefied hydrogen vaporizers.

     (i) The vaporizer shall be anchored and its connecting piping shall be sufficiently flexible to provide for the effect of expansion and contraction due to temperature changes.

     (ii) The vaporizer and its piping shall be adequately protected on the hydrogen and heating media sections with safety relief devices.

     (iii) Heat used in a liquefied hydrogen vaporizer shall be indirectly supplied utilizing media such as air, steam, water, or water solutions.

     (iv) A low temperature shutoff switch shall be provided in the vaporizer discharge piping to prevent flow of liquefied hydrogen in the event of the loss of the heat source.

     (i) Electrical systems.

     (i) Electrical wiring and equipment located within 3 feet of a point where connections are regularly made and disconnected, shall meet the requirements of chapter 296-24 WAC Part L for Class I, Division 1 locations.

     (ii) Except as provided in (l) of this section, electrical wiring, and equipment located within 25 feet of a point where connections are regularly made and disconnected or within 25 feet of a liquid hydrogen storage container, shall meet the requirements of chapter 296-24 WAC Part L for Class I, Division 2 locations. When equipment approved for Class I, environments is not commercially available, the equipment may be:

     (A) Purged or ventilated in accordance with NFPA No. 496-1967, Standard for Purged Enclosures for Electrical Equipment in Hazardous Locations,

     (B) Intrinsically safe, or

     (C) Approved for Class I, Group C atmospheres. This requirement does not apply to electrical equipment which is installed on mobile supply trucks or tank cars from which the storage container is filled.

     (j) Bonding and grounding. The liquefied hydrogen container and associated piping shall be electrically bonded and grounded.

     (2) Location of liquefied hydrogen storage.

     (a) General requirements.

     (i) The storage containers shall be located so that they are readily accessible to mobile supply equipment at ground level and to authorized personnel.

     (ii) The containers shall not be exposed by electric power lines, flammable liquid lines, flammable gas lines, or lines carrying oxidizing materials.

     (iii) When locating liquefied hydrogen storage containers near above-ground flammable liquid storage or liquid oxygen storage, locate the liquefied hydrogen container on ground higher than flammable liquid storage or liquid oxygen storage.

     (iv) Where it is necessary to locate the liquefied hydrogen container on ground that is level with or lower than adjacent flammable liquid storage or liquid oxygen storage, suitable protective means shall be taken (such as by diking, diversion, curbs, grading), with respect to the adjacent flammable liquid storage or liquid oxygen storage, to prevent accumulation of liquids within 50 feet of the liquefied hydrogen container.

     (v) Storage sites shall be fenced and posted to prevent entrance by unauthorized personnel. Sites shall also be placarded as follows: "Liquefied hydrogen -- Flammable gas -- No smoking -- No open flames."

     (vi) If liquefied hydrogen is located in (as specified in Table H-3) a separate building, in a special room, or inside buildings when not in a special room and exposed to other occupancies, containers shall have the safety relief devices vented unobstructed to the outdoors at a minimum elevation of 25 feet above grade to a safe location as required in (l)(d)(ii) of this section.

     (b) Specific requirements.

     (i) The location of liquefied hydrogen storage, as determined by the maximum total quantity of liquefied hydrogen, shall be in the order of preference as indicated by Roman numerals in the following Table H-3.


TABLE H-3


MAXIMUM TOTAL QUANTITY OF LIQUEFIED HYDROGEN STORAGE PERMITTED

Size of hydrogen storage (capacity in gallons)

Nature of location

39.63 (150 liters) to 50

51 to 300

301 to 600

In excess of 600

Outdoors

I

I

I

I

In a separate building

II

II

II

Not per- mitted.

In a special room

III

III

Not per- mitted

Not per- mitted.

Inside buildings not in a

No per- mitted

Not per- mitted

Not per- mitted.

special room and exposed to

other occupancies

IV

Note:

This table does not apply to the storage in dewars of the type generally used in laboratories for experimental purposes.

     (ii) The minimum distance in feet from liquefied hydrogen systems of indicated storage capacity located outdoors, in a separate building, or in a special room to any specified exposure shall be in accordance with Table H-4.


TABLE H-4


MINIMUM DISTANCE (FEET) FROM LIQUEFIED HYDROGEN SYSTEMS TO EXPOSURE

										Liquefied hydrogen storage (capacity in gallons)
Type of exposure					39.63 (150 liters) to 3,500					3,501 to 15,000			15,001 to 30,000
1. Fire-resistive building
	and fire walls*								5			5			5
2. Noncombustible
	building*								25			50			75
3. Other buildings*									50			75			100
4. Wall openings, air-com-
	pressor intakes, inlets
	for air-conditioning or
	ventilating equipment -								75			75			75
5. Flammable liquids (above
	ground and vent or fill
	openings if below
	ground) (see 513 and
	514)								50			75			100
6. Between stationary
	liquefied hydrogen
	containers								5			5			5
7. Flammable gas storage -									50			75			100
8. Liquid oxygen storage and
	other oxidizers (see
	513 and 514)								100			100			100
9. Combustible solids									50			75			100
10. Open flames, smoking,
	and welding								50			50			50
11. Concentrations of
	people**								75			75			75
12. Public ways, railroads,
	and property lines								25			50			75

*	Refer to standard types of building construction, NFPA No.                220-1969 for definitions of various types of construction.
**	In congested areas such as offices, lunchrooms, locker rooms,           time-clock areas, and places of public assembly.
Note 1:	The distance in Nos. 2, 3, 5, 7, 9, and 12 in Table H-4 may be           reduced where protective structures,such as firewalls equal to           height of top of the container, to safeguard the liquefied                hydrogen storage system, are located between the liquefied                hydrogen storage installation and the exposure.
Note 2:	Where protective structures are provided, ventilation and confinement of product should be considered. The 5-foot distance in Nos. 1 and 6 facilitates maintenance and enhances ventilation.

     (c) Handling of liquefied hydrogen inside buildings other than separate buildings and special rooms. Portable liquefied hydrogen containers of 50 gallons or less capacity as permitted in Table H-3 and in compliance with (2)(a)(vi) of this section when housed inside buildings not located in a special room and exposed to other occupancies shall comply with the following minimum requirements:

     (i) Be located 20 feet from flammable liquids and readily combustible materials such as excelsior or paper.

     (ii) Be located 25 feet from ordinary electrical equipment and other sources of ignition including process or analytical equipment.

     (iii) Be located 25 feet from concentrations of people.

     (iv) Be located 50 feet from intakes of ventilation and air-conditioning equipment or intakes of compressors.

     (v) Be located 50 feet from storage of other flammable-gases or storage of oxidizing gases.

     (vi) Containers shall be protected against damage or injury due to falling objects or work activity in the area.

     (vii) Containers shall be firmly secured and stored in an upright position.

     (viii) Welding or cutting operations, and smoking shall be prohibited while hydrogen is in the room.

     (ix) The area shall be adequately ventilated. Safety relief devices on the containers shall be vented directly outdoors or to a suitable hood. See (1)(d)(ii) of this section and (2)(a)(vi) of this section.

     (3) Design considerations at specific locations.

     (a) Outdoor locations.

     (i) Outdoor location shall mean outside of any building or structure, and includes locations under a weather shelter or canopy provided such locations are not enclosed by more than two walls set at right angles and are provided with vent-space between the walls and vented roof or canopy.

     (ii) Roadways and yard surfaces located below liquefied hydrogen piping, from which liquid air may drop, shall be constructed of noncombustible materials.

     (iii) If protective walls are provided, they shall be constructed of noncombustible materials and in accordance with the provisions of (3)(a)(i) of this section as applicable.

     (iv) Electrical wiring and equipment shall comply with chapter 296-24 WAC Part L.

     (v) Adequate lighting shall be provided for nighttime transfer operation.

     (b) Separate buildings.

     (i) Separate buildings shall be of light noncombustible construction on a substantial frame. Walls and roofs shall be lightly fastened and designed to relieve at a maximum internal pressure of 25 pounds per square foot. Windows shall be of shatterproof glass or plastic in metal frames. Doors shall be located in such a manner that they will be readily accessible to personnel in an emergency.

     (ii) Adequate ventilation to the outdoors shall be provided. Inlet openings shall be located near the floor level in exterior walls only. Outlet openings shall be located at the high point of the room in exterior walls or roof. Both the inlet and outlet vent openings shall have a minimum total area of 1 square foot per 1,000 cubic feet of room volume. Discharge from outlet openings shall be directed or conducted to a safe location.

     (iii) There shall be no sources of ignition.

     (iv) Electrical wiring and equipment shall comply with chapter 296-24 WAC Part L.

     (v) Heating, if provided, shall be by steam, hot water, or other indirect means.

     (c) Special rooms.

     (i) Floors, walls, and ceilings shall have a fire resistance rating of at least 2 hours. Walls or partitions shall be continuous from floor to ceiling and shall be securely anchored. At least one wall shall be an exterior wall. Openings to other parts of the building shall not be permitted. Windows and doors shall be in exterior walls and doors shall be located in such a manner that they will be accessible in an emergency. Windows shall be of shatterproof glass or plastic in metal frames.

     (ii) Ventilation shall be as provided in (3)(b)(ii) of this section.

     (iii) Explosion venting shall be provided in exterior walls or roof only. The venting area shall be equal to not less than 1 square foot per 30 cubic feet of room volume and may consist of any one or any combination of the following: Walls of light noncombustible material; lightly fastened hatch covers; lightly fastened swinging doors opening outward in exterior walls; lightly fastened walls or roofs designed to relieve at a maximum pressure of 25 pounds per square foot.

     (iv) There shall be no sources of ignition.

     (v) Electrical wiring and equipment shall comply with chapter 296-24 WAC Part L.

     (vi) Heating, if provided, shall be steam, hot water, or by other indirect means.

     (4) Operating instructions.

     (a) Written instructions. For installation which require any operation of equipment by the user, legible instructions shall be maintained at operating locations.

     (b) Attendant. A qualified person shall be in attendance at all times while the mobile hydrogen supply unit is being unloaded.

     (c) Security. Each mobile liquefied hydrogen supply unit used as part of a hydrogen system shall be adequately secured to prevent movement.

     (d) Grounding. The mobile liquefied hydrogen supply unit shall be grounded for static electricity.

     (5) Maintenance.

     (a) The equipment and functioning of each charged liquefied hydrogen system shall be maintained in a safe operating condition in accordance with the requirements of this section. Weeds or similar combustibles shall not be permitted within 25 feet of any liquified hydrogen equipment.



[Statutory Authority: Chapter 49.17 RCW. 91-24-017 (Order 91-07), § 296-24-31505, filed 11/22/91, effective 12/24/91; 88-23-054 (Order 88-25), § 296-24-31505, filed 11/14/88. Statutory Authority: RCW 49.17.040 and 49.17.050. 85-10-004 (Order 85-09), § 296-24-31505, filed 4/19/85; Order 76-6, § 296-24-31505, filed 3/1/76; Order 73-5, § 296-24-31505, filed 5/9/73 and Order 73-4, § 296-24-31505, filed 5/7/73.]

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296-24-320
Oxygen.

  



[Order 73-5, § 296-24-320, filed 5/9/73 and Order 73-4, § 296-24-320, filed 5/7/73.]

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296-24-32001
Scope.

  This section applies to the installation of bulk oxygen systems on industrial and institutional consumer premises. This section does not apply to oxygen manufacturing plants or other establishments operated by the oxygen supplier or supplier's agent for the purpose of storing oxygen and refilling portable containers, trailers, mobile supply trucks, or tank cars, nor to systems having capacities less than those stated in WAC 296-24-32003(1).



[Statutory Authority: Chapter 49.17 RCW. 94-15-096 (Order 94-07), § 296-24-32001, filed 7/20/94, effective 9/20/94; Order 73-5, § 296-24-32001, filed 5/9/73 and Order 73-4, § 296-24-32001, filed 5/7/73.]

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296-24-32003
Bulk oxygen systems.

  (1) Definitions. As used in this section: A bulk oxygen system is an assembly of equipment, such as oxygen storage containers, pressure regulators, safety devices, vaporizers, manifolds, and interconnecting piping, which has storage capacity of more than 13,000 cubic feet of oxygen, normal temperature and pressure (NTP), connected in service or ready for service, or more than 25,000 cubic feet of oxygen (NTP) including unconnected reserves on hand at the site. The bulk oxygen system terminates at the point where oxygen at service pressure first enters the supply line. The oxygen containers may be stationary or movable, and the oxygen may be stored as gas or liquid.

     (2) Location.

     (a) General. Bulk oxygen storage systems shall be located above ground out of doors, or shall be installed in a building of noncombustible construction, adequately vented, and used for that purpose exclusively. The location selected shall be such that containers and associated equipment shall not be exposed by electric power lines, flammable or combustible liquid lines, or flammable gas lines.

     (b) Accessibility. The system shall be located so that it is readily accessible to mobile supply equipment at ground level and to authorized personnel.

     (c) Leakage. Where oxygen is stored as a liquid, noncombustible surfacing shall be provided in an area in which any leakage of liquid oxygen might fall during operation of the system and filling of a storage container. For purposes of these standards, asphaltic or bituminous paving is considered to be combustible.

     (d) Elevation. When locating bulk oxygen systems near above ground flammable or combustible liquid storage which may be either indoors or outdoors, it is advisable to locate the system on ground higher than the flammable or combustible liquid storage.

     (e) Dikes. Where it is necessary to locate a bulk oxygen system on ground lower than adjacent flammable or combustible liquid storage suitable means shall be taken (such as by diking, diversion curbs, or grading) with respect to the adjacent flammable or combustible liquid storage to prevent accumulation of liquids under the bulk oxygen system.

     (3) Distance between systems and exposures.

     (a) General. The minimum distance from any bulk oxygen storage container to exposures, measured in the most direct line except as indicated in (3)(f) and (g) of this section shall be as indicated in (3)(b) to (r) of this section inclusive.

     (b) Combustible structures. Fifty feet from any combustible structures.

     (c) Fire resistive structures. Twenty-five feet from any structures with fire-resistive exterior walls or sprinklered buildings or other construction, but not less than one-half the height of adjacent side wall of the structure.

     (d) Openings. At least 10 feet from any opening in adjacent walls of fire resistive structures. Spacing from such structures shall be adequate to permit maintenance, but shall not be less than 1 foot.

     (e) Flammable liquid storage above ground.

Distance (feet)			Capacity (gallons)
	50			0-1000
	90			1001 or more

     (f) Flammable liquid storage below ground.

Distance measured horizontally from oxygen storage container to flammable liquid tank (feet)			Distance from oxygen storage container to filling and vent connections or openings to flammable liquid tank (feet)			Capacity gallons
	15			50			0-1000
	30			50			1001 or more

     (g) Combustible liquid storage above ground.

Distance (feet)				Capacity (gallons)
	25				0-1000
	50				1001 or more

     (h) Combustible liquid storage below ground.

Distance measured horizontally from oxygen storage container to combustible liquid tank (feet)			Distance from oxygen storage container to filling and vent connections or openings to combustible liquid tank (feet)
	15				40

     (i) Flammable gas storage. (Such as compressed flammable gases, liquefied flammable gases and flammable gases in low pressure gas holders):

Distance (feet)			Capacity (cu. ft. NTP)
50					Less than 5000
90					5000 or more

     (j) Highly combustible materials. Fifty feet from solid materials which burn rapidly, such as excelsior or paper.

     (k) Slow-burning materials. Twenty-five feet from solid materials which burn slowly, such as coal and heavy timber.

     (l) Ventilation. Seventy-five feet in one direction and 35 feet in approximately 90° direction from confining walls (not including firewalls less than 20 feet high) to provide adequate ventilation in courtyards and similar confining areas.

     (m) Congested areas. Twenty-five feet from congested areas such as offices, lunchrooms, locker rooms, time clock areas, and similar locations where people may congregate.

     (n) Public areas. Fifty feet from places of public assembly.

     (o) Patients. Fifty feet from areas occupied by nonambulatory patients.

     (p) Sidewalks. Ten feet from any public sidewalk.

     (q) Adjacent property. Five feet from any line of adjoining property.

     (r) Exceptions. The distances in (3)(b), (c), (e) to (k) inclusive, and (p) and (q) of this section do not apply where protective structures such as firewalls of adequate height to safeguard the oxygen storage systems are located between the bulk oxygen storage installation and the exposure. In such cases, the bulk oxygen storage installation may be a minimum distance of 1 foot from the firewall.

     (4) Storage containers.

     (a) Foundations and supports. Permanently installed containers shall be provided with substantial noncombustible supports on firm noncombustible foundations.

     (b) Construction -- Liquid. Liquid oxygen storage containers shall be fabricated from materials meeting the impact test requirements of paragraph UG-84 of ASME Boiler and Pressure Vessel Code, Section VIII -- Unfired Pressure Vessels -- 1968. Containers operating at pressures above 15 pounds per square inch gage (p.s.i.g.) shall be designed, constructed, and tested in accordance with appropriate requirements of ASME Boiler and Pressure Vessel Code, Section VII -- Unfired Pressure Vessels -- 1968. Insulation surrounding the liquid oxygen container shall be noncombustible.

     (c) Construction -- Gaseous. High-pressure gaseous oxygen containers shall comply with one of the following:

     (i) Designed, constructed, and tested in accordance with appropriate requirements of ASME Boiler and Pressure Vessel Code, Section VIII -- Unfired Pressure Vessels -- 1968.

     (ii) Designed, constructed, tested, and maintained in accordance with DOT specifications and regulations.

     (5) Piping, tubing, and fittings.

     (a) Selection. Piping, tubing, and fittings shall be suitable for oxygen service and for the pressures and temperatures involved.

     (b) Specification. Piping and tubing shall conform to Section 2 -- Gas and Air Piping Systems of Code for Pressure Piping, ANSI, B31.1-1967 with addenda B31.10a-1969.

     (c) Fabrication. Piping or tubing for operating temperatures below -20°F shall be fabricated from materials meeting the impact test requirements of paragraph UG-84 of ASME Boiler and Pressure Vessel Code, Section VIII -- Unfired Pressure Vessels -- 1968, when tested at the minimum operating temperature to which the piping may be subjected in service.

     (6) Safety relief devices.

     (a) General. Bulk oxygen storage containers, regardless of design pressure shall be equipped with safety relief devices as required by the ASME code or the DOT specifications and regulations.

     (b) DOT containers. Bulk oxygen storage containers designed and constructed in accordance with DOT specification shall be equipped with safety relief devices as required thereby.

     (c) ASME containers. Bulk oxygen storage containers designed and constructed in accordance with the ASME Boiler and Pressure Vessel Code, Section VIII -- Unfired Pressure Vessel -- 1968 shall be equipped with safety relief devices meeting the provisions of the Compressed Gas Association Pamphlet "Safety Relief Device Standards for Compressed Gas Storage Containers," S-1, Part 3.

     (d) Insulation. Insulation casings on liquid oxygen containers shall be equipped with suitable safety relief devices.

     (e) Reliability. All safety relief devices shall be so designed or located that moisture cannot collect and freeze in a manner which would interfere with proper operation of the device.

     (7) Liquid oxygen vaporizers.

     (a) Mounts and couplings. The vaporizer shall be anchored and its connecting piping be sufficiently flexible to provide for the effect of expansion and contraction due to temperature changes.

     (b) Relief devices. The vaporizer and its piping shall be adequately protected on the oxygen and heating medium sections with safety relief devices.

     (c) Heating. Heat used in an oxygen vaporizer shall be indirectly supplied only through media such as steam, air, water, or water solutions which do not react with oxygen.

     (d) Grounding. If electric heaters are used to provide the primary source of heat, the vaporizing system shall be electrically grounded.

     (8) Equipment assembly and installation.

     (a) Cleaning. Equipment making up a bulk oxygen system shall be cleaned in order to remove oil, grease or other readily oxidizable materials before placing the system in service.

     (b) Joints. Joints in piping and tubing may be made by welding or by use of flanged, threaded, slip, or compression fittings. Gaskets or thread sealants shall be suitable for oxygen service.

     (c) Accessories. Valves, gages, regulators, and other accessories shall be suitable for oxygen service.

     (d) Installation. Installation of bulk oxygen systems shall be supervised by personnel familiar with proper practices with reference to their construction and use.

     (e) Testing. After installation all field erected piping shall be tested and proved gas tight at maximum operating pressure. Any medium used for testing shall be oil free and nonflammable.

     (f) Security. Storage containers, piping, valves, regulating equipment, and other accessories shall be protected against physical damage and against tampering.

     (g) Venting. Any enclosure containing oxygen control or operating equipment shall be adequately vented.

     (h) Placarding. The bulk oxygen storage location shall be permanently placarded to indicate: "OXYGEN -- NO SMOKING -- NO OPEN FLAMES," or an equivalent warning.

     (i) Electrical wiring. Bulk oxygen installations are not hazardous locations as defined and covered by chapter 296-24 WAC Part L. Therefore, general purpose or weatherproof types of electrical wiring and equipment are acceptable depending upon whether the installation is indoors or outdoors. Such equipment shall be installed according to chapter 296-24 WAC Part L.

     (9) Operating instructions. For installations which require any operation of equipment by the user, legible instructions shall be maintained at operating locations.

     (10) Maintenance.

     (a) The equipment and functioning of each charged bulk oxygen system shall be maintained in a safe operating condition in accordance with the requirements of this section. Wood and long dry grass shall be cut back within 15 feet of any bulk oxygen storage container.



[Statutory Authority: Chapter 49.17 RCW. 91-24-017 (Order 91-07), § 296-24-32003, filed 11/22/91, effective 12/24/91. Statutory Authority: RCW 49.17.040 and 49.17.050. 85-10-004 (Order 85-09), § 296-24-32003, filed 4/19/85; Order 76-6, § 296-24-32003, filed 3/1/76; Order 73-5, § 296-24-32003, filed 5/9/73 and Order 73-4, § 296-24-32003, filed 5/7/73.]

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296-24-325
Nitrous oxide.

  The piped systems for the in-plant transfer and distribution of nitrous oxide shall be designed, installed, maintained, and operated in accordance with Compressed Gas Association Pamphlet G8.1-1964.



[Order 73-5, § 296-24-325, filed 5/9/73 and Order 73-4, § 296-24-325, filed 5/7/73.]

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296-24-330
Flammable and combustible liquids.

  



[Order 73-5, § 296-24-330, filed 5/9/73 and Order 73-4, § 296-24-330, filed 5/7/73.]

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296-24-33001
Definitions.

  The following definitions are applicable to all sections of this chapter which include WAC 296-24-330 in the section number.

     (1) Aerosol shall mean a material which is dispensed from its container as a mist, spray, or foam by a propellant under pressure.

     (2) Atmospheric tank shall mean a storage tank which has been designed to operate at pressures from atmospheric through 0.5 p.s.i.g.

     (3) Automotive service station shall mean that portion of property where flammable or combustible liquids used as motor fuels are stored and dispensed from fixed equipment into the fuel tanks of motor vehicles and shall include any facilities available for the sale and service of tires, batteries, and accessories, and for minor automotive maintenance work. Major automotive repairs, painting, body and fender work are excluded.

     (4) Basement shall mean a story of a building or structure having one-half or more of its height below ground level and to which access for firefighting purposes is unduly restricted.

     (5) Boiling point shall mean the boiling point of a liquid at a pressure of 14.7 pounds per square inch absolute (p.s.i.a.) (760 mm.). Where an accurate boiling point is unavailable for the material in question, or for mixtures which do not have a constant boiling point, for purposes of this section the ten percent point of a distillation performed in accordance with the Standard Method of Test for Distillation of Petroleum Products, ASTM D-86-62, may be used as the boiling point of the liquid.

     (6) Boilover shall mean the expulsion of crude oil (or certain other liquids) from a burning tank. The light fractions of the crude oil burnoff producing a heat wave in the residue, which on reaching a water strata may result in the expulsion of a portion of the contents of the tank in the form of froth.

     (7) Bulk plant shall mean that portion of a property where flammable or combustible liquids are received by tank vessel, pipelines, tank car, or tank vehicle, and are stored or blended in bulk for the purpose of distributing such liquids by tank vessel, pipeline, tank car, tank vehicle, or container.

     (8) Chemical plant shall mean a large integrated plant or that portion of such a plant other than a refinery or distillery where flammable or combustible liquids are produced by chemical reactions or used in chemical reactions.

     (9) Closed container shall mean a container as herein defined, so sealed by means of a lid or other device that neither liquid nor vapor will escape from it at ordinary temperatures.

     (10) Crude petroleum shall mean hydrocarbon mixtures that have a flash point below 150°F and which have not been processed in a refinery.

     (11) Distillery shall mean a plant or that portion of a plant where flammable or combustible liquids produced by fermentation are concentrated, and where the concentrated products may also be mixed, stored, or packaged.

     (12) Fire area shall mean an area of a building separated from the remainder of the building by construction having a fire resistance of at least one hour and having all communicating openings properly protected by an assembly having a fire resistance rating of at least one hour.

     (13) Fire resistance or fire resistive construction shall mean construction to resist the spread of fire.

     (14) Flammable aerosol shall mean an aerosol which is required to be labeled "Flammable" under the Federal Hazardous Substances Labeling Act (15 U.S.C. 1261). For the purposes of WAC 296-24-33009, such aerosols are considered Class IA liquids.

     (15) "Flashpoint" means the minimum temperature at which a liquid gives off vapor within a test vessel in sufficient concentration to form an ignitable mixture with air near the surface of the liquid, and shall be determined as follows:

     (a) For a liquid which has a viscosity of less than 45 SUS at 100°F (37.8°C), does not contain suspended solids, and does not have a tendency to form a surface film while under test, the procedure specified in the Standard Method of Test for Flashpoint by Tag Closed Tester (ASTM D-56-70) shall be used.

     (b) For a liquid which has a viscosity of 45 SUS or more at 100°F (37.8°C), or contains suspended solids, or has a tendency to form a surface film while under test, the Standard Method of Test for Flashpoint by Pensky-Martens Closed Tester (ASTM D-93-71) shall be used, except that the methods specified in Note 1 to section 1.1 of ASTM D-93-71 may be used for the respective materials specified in the note.

     (c) For a liquid that is a mixture of compounds that have different volatilities and flashpoints, its flashpoint shall be determined by using the procedure specified in (a) or (b) of this subsection on the liquid in the form it is shipped. If the flashpoint, as determined by this test, is 100°F (37.8°C) or higher, an additional flashpoint determination shall be run on a sample of the liquid evaporated to ninety percent of its original volume, and the lower value of the two tests shall be considered the flashpoint of the material.

     (d) Organic peroxides, which undergo autoaccelerating thermal decomposition, are excluded from any of the flashpoint determination methods specified in this section.

     (16) Hotel shall mean buildings or groups of buildings under the same management in which there are sleeping accommodations for hire primarily used by transients who are lodged with or without meals including but not limited to inns, clubs, motels, and apartment hotels.

     (17) Institutional occupancy shall mean the occupancy or use of a building or structure or any portion thereof by persons harbored or detained to receive medical, charitable or other care or treatment, or by persons involuntarily detained.

     (18) Liquid shall mean, for the purpose of these standards, any material which has a fluidity greater than that of 300 penetration asphalt when tested in accordance with ASTM Test for Penetration for Bituminous Materials, D-5-65. When not otherwise identified, the term liquid shall include both flammable and combustible liquids.

     (19) "Combustible liquid" means any liquid having a flashpoint at or above 100°F (37.8°C). Combustible liquids shall be divided into two classes as follows:

     (a) "Class II liquids" shall include those with flashpoints at or above 100°F (37.8°C) and below 140°F (60°C), except any mixture having components with flashpoints of 200°F (93.3°C) or higher, the volume of which make up ninety-nine percent or more of the total volume of the mixture.

     (b) "Class III liquids" shall include those with flashpoints at or above 140°F (60°C). Class III liquids are subdivided into two subclasses:

     (i) "Class IIIA liquids" shall include those with flashpoints at or above 140°F (60°C) and below 200°F (93.3°C) except any mixture having components with flashpoints of 200°F (93.3°C) or higher, the total volume of which make up ninety-nine percent or more of the total volume of the mixture.

     (ii) "Class IIIB liquids" shall include those with flashpoints at or above 200°F (93.3°C). This section does not cover Class IIIB liquids. Where the term "Class III liquids" is used in this section, it shall mean only Class IIIA liquids.

     (c) When a combustible liquid is heated for use to within 30°F (16.7°C) of its flashpoint, it shall be handled in accordance with the requirements for the next lower class of liquids.

     (20) "Flammable liquid" means any liquid having a flashpoint below 100°F (37.8°C), except any mixture having components with flashpoints of 100°F (37.8°C), or higher, the total of which make up ninety-nine percent or more of the total volume of the mixture. Flammable liquids shall be known as Class I liquids. Class I liquids are divided into three classes as follows:

     (a) Class IA shall include liquids having flashpoints below 73°F (22.8°C) and having a boiling point below 100°F (37.8°C).

     (b) Class IB shall include liquids having flashpoints below 73°F (22.8°C) and having a boiling point at or above 100°F (37.8° C).

     (c) Class IC shall include liquids having flashpoints at or above 73°F (22.8°C) and below 100°F (37.8°C).

     (21) Unstable (reactive) liquid shall mean a liquid which in the pure state or as commercially produced or transported will vigorously polymerize, decompose, condense, or will become self-reactive under conditions of shocks, pressure, or temperature.

     (22) Low-pressure tank shall mean a storage tank which has been designed to operate at pressures above 0.5 p.s.i.g. but not more than 15 p.s.i.g.

     (23) Marine service station shall mean that portion of a property where flammable or combustible liquids used as fuels are stored and dispensed from fixed equipment on shore, piers, wharves, or floating docks into the fuel tanks or self-propelled craft, and shall include all facilities used in connection therewith.

     (24) Mercantile occupancy shall mean the occupancy or use of a building or structure or any portion thereof for the displaying, selling, or buying of goods, wares, or merchandise.

     (25) Office occupancy shall mean the occupancy or use of a building or structure or any portion thereof for the transaction of business, or the rendering or receiving of professional services.

     (26) Portable tank shall mean a closed container having a liquid capacity over sixty United States gallons and not intended for fixed installation.

     (27) Pressure vessel shall mean a storage tank or vessel which has been designed to operate at pressures above 15 p.s.i.g.

     (28) Protection for exposure shall mean adequate fire protection for structures on property adjacent to tanks, where there are employees of the establishment.

     (29) Refinery shall mean a plant in which flammable or combustible liquids are produced on a commercial scale from crude petroleum, natural gasoline, or other hydrocarbon sources.

     (30) Safety can shall mean an approved container, of not more than five gallons capacity, having a spring-closing lid and spout cover and so designed that it will safely relieve internal pressure when subjected to fire exposure.

     (31) Vapor pressure shall mean the pressure, measured in pounds per square inch (absolute) exerted by a volatile liquid as determined by the "Standard Method of Test for Vapor Pressure of Petroleum Products (Reid Method)," American Society for Testing and Materials ASTM D323-68.

     (32) Ventilation as specified in these standards is for the prevention of fire and explosion. It is considered adequate if it is sufficient to prevent accumulation of significant quantities of vapor-air mixtures in concentration over one-fourth of the lower flammable limit.

     (33) Storage: Flammable or combustible liquids shall be stored in a tank or in a container that complies with WAC 296-24-33009(2).

     (34) Barrel shall mean a volume of forty-two United States gallons.

     (35) Container shall mean any can, barrel, or drum.

     (36) Approved unless otherwise indicated, approved, or listed by a nationally recognized testing laboratory. Refer to federal regulation 29 C.F.R. 1910.7 for definition of nationally recognized testing laboratory.

     (37) Listed see subsection (36) of this section.

     (38) "SUS" means Saybolt Universal Seconds as determined by the Standard Method of Test for Saybolt Viscosity (ASTM D-88-56), and may be determined by use of the SUS conversion tables specified in ASTM Method D2161-66 following determination of viscosity in accordance with the procedures specified in the Standard Method of Test for Viscosity of Transparent and Opaque Liquids (ASTM D445-65).

     (39) "Viscous" means a viscosity of 45 SUS or more.

Note:

The volatility of liquids is increased when artificially heated to temperatures equal to or higher than their flashpoints. When so heated Class II and III liquids shall be subject to the applicable requirements for Class I or II liquids. These standards may also be applied to high flashpoint liquids when so heated even though these same liquids when not heated are outside of its scope.

[Statutory Authority: Chapter 49.17 RCW. 88-23-054 (Order 88-25), § 296-24-33001, filed 11/14/88. Statutory Authority: RCW 49.17.040 and 49.17.050. 82-08-026 (Order 82-10), § 296-24-33001, filed 3/30/82. Statutory Authority: RCW 49.17.040, 49.17.050, 49.17.240, chapters 43.22 and 42.30 RCW. 80-17-015 (Order 80-21), § 296-24-33001, filed 11/13/80; Order 76-29, § 296-24-33001, filed 9/30/76; Order 76-6, § 296-24-33001, filed 3/1/76; Order 74-27, § 296-24-33001, filed 5/7/74; Order 73-5, § 296-24-33001, filed 5/9/73 and Order 73-4, § 296-24-33001, filed 5/7/73.]

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296-24-33003
Scope.

  This section applies to the handling, storage, and use of flammable and combustible liquids with a flash point below 200°F. This section does not apply to:

     (1) Bulk transportation of flammable and combustible liquids;

     (2) Storage, handling, and use of fuel oil tanks and containers connected with oil burning equipment;

     (3) Storage of flammable and combustible liquids on farms.

     (4) Liquids without flashpoints that may be flammable under some conditions, such as certain halogenated hydrocarbons and mixtures containing halogenated hydrocarbons;

     (5) Mists, sprays, or foams, except flammable aerosols covered in WAC 296-24-33009; or

     (6) Installations made in accordance with requirements of the following standards:

     (a) National Fire Protection Association Standard for Drycleaning Plants, NFPA No. 32-1970;

     (b) National Fire Protection Association Standard for the Manufacture of Organic Coatings, NFPA No. 35-1970;

     (c) National Fire Protection Association Standard for Solvent Extraction Plants, NFPA No. 36-1967; or

     (d) National Fire Protection Association Standard for the Installation and Use of Stationary Combustion Engines and Gas Turbines, NFPA No. 37-1970.



[Statutory Authority: RCW 49.17.010, [49.17].050 and [49.17].060. 95-22-015, § 296-24-33003, filed 10/20/95, effective 1/16/96. Statutory Authority: Chapter 49.17 RCW. 94-06-068 (Order 93-17), § 296-24-33003, filed 3/2/94, effective 3/1/95; Order 73-5, § 296-24-33003, filed 5/9/73 and Order 73-4, § 296-24-33003, filed 5/7/73.]

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296-24-33005
Tank storage.

  (1) Design and construction of tanks.

     (a) Materials.

     (i) Tanks shall be built of steel except as provided in (1)(a)(ii) through (v) of this section.

     (ii) Tanks may be built of materials other than steel for installation underground or if required by the properties of the liquid stored. Tanks located above ground or inside buildings shall be of noncombustible construction.

     (iii) Tanks built of materials other than steel shall be designed to specifications embodying principles recognized as good engineering design for the material used.

     (iv) Unlined concrete tanks may be used for storing flammable or combustible liquids having a gravity of 40°API or heavier. Concrete tanks with special lining may be used for other services provided the design is in accordance with sound engineering practice.

     (v) Tanks may have combustible or noncombustible linings.

     (vi) Special engineering consideration shall be required if the specific gravity of the liquid to be stored exceeds that of water or if the tanks are designed to contain flammable or combustible liquids at a liquid temperature below 0°F.

     (b) Fabrication.

     (i) Tanks may be of any shape or type consistent with sound engineering design.

     (ii) Metal tanks shall be welded, riveted, and caulked, brazed, or bolted, or constructed by use of a combination of these methods. Filler metal used in brazing shall be nonferrous metal or an alloy having a melting point above 1000°F and below that of the metal joined.

     (c) Atmospheric tanks.

     (i) Atmospheric tanks shall be built in accordance with acceptable good standards of design. Atmospheric tanks may be built in accordance with:

     (A) Underwriters' Laboratories, Inc., Subjects No. 142, Standard for Steel Aboveground Tanks for Flammable and Combustible Liquids, 1968; No. 58, Standards for Steel Underground Tanks for Flammable and COMBUSTIBLE Liquids, Fifth Edition, December 1961; or No. 80, Standard for Steel Inside Tanks for Oil-Burner Fuel, September 1963.

     (B) American Petroleum Institute Standards No. 650, Welded Steel Tanks for Oil Storage, Third Edition, 1966.

     (C) American Petroleum Institute Standards No. 12B, Specification for Bolted Production Tanks, Eleventh Edition, May 1958, and Supplement 1, March 1962; No. 12D, Specification for Large Welded Production Tanks, Seventh Edition, August 1957; or No. 12F, Specification for Small Welded Production Tanks, Fifth Edition, March 1961. Tanks built in accordance with these standards shall be used only as production tanks for storage of crude petroleum in oil-producing areas.

     (ii) Tanks designed for underground service not exceeding 2,500 gallons capacity may be used aboveground.

     (iii) Low-pressure tanks and pressure vessels may be used as atmospheric tanks.

     (iv) Atmospheric tanks shall not be used for the storage of a flammable or combustible liquid at a temperature at or above its boiling point.

     (d) Low pressure tanks.

     (i) The normal operating pressure of the tank shall not exceed the design pressure of the tank.

     (ii) Low-pressure tanks shall be built in accordance with acceptable standards of design. Low-pressure tanks may be built in accordance with:

     (A) American Petroleum Institute Standard No. 620, Recommended Rules for the Design and Construction of Large, Welded, Low-Pressure Storage Tanks, Third Edition, 1966.

     (B) The principles of the Code for Unfired Pressure Vessels, Section VIII of the ASME Boiler and Pressure Vessels Code, 1968.

     (iii) Atmospheric tanks built according to the Underwriters' Laboratories, Inc., requirements in (1)(c)(i) of this section may be used for operating pressures not exceeding 1 p.s.i.g. and shall be limited to 2.5 p.s.i.g. under emergency venting conditions. Pressure vessels may be used as low-pressure tanks.

     (e) Pressure vessels.

     (i) The normal operating pressure of the vessel shall not exceed the design pressure of the vessel.

     (ii) Pressure vessels shall be built in accordance with the Code for Unfired Pressure Vessels, Section VIII of the ASME Boiler and Pressure Vessel Code, 1968.

     (f) Provisions for internal corrosion. When tanks are not designed in accordance with the American Petroleum Institute, American Society of Mechanical Engineers, or the Underwriters' Laboratories, Inc.'s standards, or if corrosion is anticipated beyond that provided for in the design formulas used, additional metal thickness or suitable protective coatings or linings shall be provided to compensate for the corrosion loss expected during the design life of the tank.

     (2) Installation of outside aboveground tanks.

     (a) Location with respect to property lines and public ways.

     (i) Every aboveground tank for the storage of flammable or combustible liquids, except those liquids with boil-over characteristics and unstable liquids, operating at pressures not in excess of 2.5 p.s.i.g. and equipped with emergency venting which will not permit pressures to exceed 2.5 p.s.i.g. shall be located in accordance with Table H-5.

     (ii) Every aboveground tank for the storage of flammable or combustible liquids, except those liquids with boil-over characteristics and unstable flammable or combustible liquids, operating at pressures exceeding 2.5 p.s.i.g. or equipped with emergency venting which will permit pressures to exceed 2.5 p.s.i.g. shall be located in accordance with Table H-6.

     (iii) Every aboveground tank for the storage of flammable or combustible liquids with boil-over characteristics shall be located in accordance with Table H-7.

     (iv) Every aboveground tank for the storage of unstable liquids shall be located in accordance with Table H-8.

     (v) Reference minimum distances for use in Tables H-5 to H-8 inclusive.

     (vi) Where end failure or horizontal pressure tanks and vessels may expose property, the tank shall be placed with the longitudinal axis parallel to the nearest important exposure.

TABLE H-5

Type of tank		Protection		Minimum distance in feet from property line which may be built upon, including the opposite side of a public way.		Minimum distance in feet from nearest side of any public way or from nearest important building and shall be not less than 5 feet.
Floating roof ———		Protection for exposures.		1/2 times diameter of tank but need not exceed 90 ft.		1/6 times diameter of tank but need not exceed 30 ft.
		None ———––		Diameter of tank but need not exceed 175 ft.		1/6 times diameter of tank but need not exceed 30 ft.
Vertical with weak roof to shell seam		Approved foam or inerting system on the tank.		1/2 times diameter of tank but need not exceed 90 ft. and shall not be less than 5 ft.		1/6 times diameter of tank but need not exceed 30 ft.
		Protection for exposures.		Diameter of tank but need not exceed 175 ft.		1/3 times diameter of tank but need not exceed 60 ft.
		None ———––		2 times diameter of tank but need not exceed 350 ft.		1/3 times diameter of tank but need not exceed 60 ft.
Horizontal and vertical, with emergency relief venting to limit pressures to 2.5 p.s.i.g.		Approved inerting system on the tank or approved foam system on vertical tanks.		1/2 times Table H-9 but shall not be less than 5 ft.		1/2 times Table H-9.
		Protection for exposures.		Table H-9 ———–		Table H-9
		None ———–		2 times table ——		Table H-9

TABLE H-6

Type of tank		Protection		Minimum distance in feet from property line which may be built upon, including the opposite side of a public way.		Minimum distance in feet from nearest side of any public way or from nearest important building.
Any type	-	Protection for exposures.		1 1/2 times Table H-9 but shall not be less than 25 ft.		1 1/2 times Table H-9 but shall not be less than 25 ft.
		None ————–		3 times Table H-9 but shall not be less than 50 ft.		1 1/2 times Table H-9 but shall not be less than 25 ft.

TABLE H-7

Type of tank		Protection		Minimum distance in feet from property line which may be built upon, including the opposite side of a public way.		Minimum distance in feet from nearest side of any public way or from nearest important building.
Floating roof ———		Protection for exposures.		Diameter of tank but need not exceed 175 ft.		1/3 times diameter of tank but need not exceed 60 ft.
		None ————		2 times diameter of tank but need not exceed 350 ft.		1/3 times diameter of tank but need not exceed 60 ft.
Fixed roof ———		Approved foam or inerting system.		Diameter of tank but need not exceed 175 ft.		1/3 times diameter of tank but need not exceed 60 ft.
		Protection for exposures.		2 times diameter of tank but need not exceed 350 ft.		2/3 times diameter of tank but need not exceed 120 ft.
		None ————		4 times diameter of tank but need not exceed 350 ft.		2/3 times diameter of tank but need not exceed 120 ft.

TABLE H-8

Type of tank		Protection		Minimum distance in feet from property line which may be built upon, including the opposite side of a public way.		Minimum distance in feet from nearest side of any public way or from nearest important building.
Horizontal and vertical tanks with emergency relief venting to permit pressure not in excess of 2.5 p.s.i.g.		Tank protected with any of the following: Approved water spray, approved inerting, approved insulation and refrigeration, approved barricade.		See Table H-9, but the distance may be not less than 25 ft.		Not less than 25 ft.
		Protection for exposures.		2 1/2 times Table H-9 but not less than 50 ft.		Not less than 50 ft.
		None ———		5 times Table H-9 but not less than 100 ft.		Not less than 100 ft.
Horizontal and vertical tanks with emergency relief venting to permit pressure over 2.5 p.s.i.g.		Tank protected with any one of the following: Approved water spray, approved inerting, approved insulation and refrigeration, approved barricade.		2 times Table H-9 but not less than 50 ft.		Not less than 50 ft.
		Protection for exposures.		4 times Table H-9 but not less than 100 ft.		Not less than 100 ft.
		None ————		8 times Table H-9 but not less than 150 ft.		Not less than 150 ft.

TABLE H-9

Capacity tank gallons						Minimum distance in feet from property line which may be built upon, including the opposite side of a public way.			Minimum distance in feet from nearest side of any public way or from nearest important building.
275		or less		—–—–———— 5					5
276		to	750		–——— 10				5
751		to	12,000		–——— 15				5
12,001		to	30,000		–——— 20				5
30,001		to	50,000		–——— 30				10
50,001		to	100,000		–——— 50				15
100,001		to	500,000		–——— 80				25
500,001		to	1,000,000		—–—- 100				35
1,000,001		to	2,000,000		–——- 135				45
2,000,001		to	3,000,000		–——- 165				55
3,000,001		or more		—––———— 175					60

     (b) Spacing (shell-to-shell) between aboveground tanks.

     (i) The distance between any two flammable or combustible liquid storage tanks shall not be less than 3 feet.

     (ii) Except as provided in (2)(b)(iii) of this section, the distance between any two adjacent tanks shall not be less than one-sixth the sum of their diameters. When the diameter of one tank is less than one-half the diameter of the adjacent tank, the distance between the two tanks shall not be less than one-half the diameter of the smaller tank.

     (iii) Where crude petroleum in conjunction with production facilities are located in noncongested areas and have capacities not exceeding 126,000 gallons (3,000 barrels), the distance between such tanks shall not be less than 3 feet.

     (iv) Where unstable flammable or combustible liquids are stored, the distance between such tanks shall not be less than one-half the sum of their diameters.

     (v) When tanks are compacted in three or more rows or in an irregular pattern, greater spacing or other means shall be provided so that inside tanks are accessible for firefighting purposes.

     (vi) The minimum separation between a liquefied petroleum gas container and a flammable or combustible liquid storage tank shall be 20 feet, except in the case of flammable or combustible liquid tanks operating at pressures exceeding 2.5 p.s.i.g. or equipped with emergency venting which will permit pressures to exceed 2.5 p.s.i.g. in which case the provisions of (2)(b)(i) and (ii) of this section shall apply. Suitable means shall be taken to prevent the accumulation of flammable or combustible liquids under adjacent liquefied petroleum gas containers such as by diversion curbs or grading. When flammable or combustible liquid storage tanks are within a diked area, the liquefied petroleum gas containers shall be outside the diked area and at least 10 feet away from the centerline of the wall of the diked area. The foregoing provisions shall not apply when liquefied petroleum gas containers of 125 gallons or less capacity are installed adjacent to fuel oil supply tanks of 550 gallons or less capacity.

     (c) Location of outside aboveground tanks with respect to important buildings on same property. Every outside aboveground tank shall be separated from important buildings on the same property by distances not less than those specified in (2)(a)(i), (ii), (iii) and (iv) of this section, whichever is applicable. The appropriate distance column in Tables H-5, H-6, H-7, H-8, or H-9, that shall be used shall be the one reading: "Minimum distance in feet from nearest side of any public way or from nearest important building."

     (d) Normal venting for aboveground tanks.

     (i) Atmospheric storage tanks shall be adequately vented to prevent the development of vacuum or pressure sufficient to distort the roof of a cone roof tank or exceed the design pressure in the case of other atmospheric tanks, as a result of filling or emptying, and atmospheric temperature changes.

     (ii) Normal vents shall be sized either in accordance with: (A) The American Petroleum Institute Standard 2000 (1968), Venting Atmospheric and Low-Pressure Storage Tanks; or (B), other accepted standard; or (C) shall be at least as large as the filling or withdrawal connection, whichever is larger but in no case less than 1 1/4 inch nominal inside diameter.

     (iii) Low-pressure tanks and pressure vessels shall be adequately vented to prevent development of pressure or vacuum, as a result of filling or emptying and atmospheric temperature changes, from exceeding the design pressure of the tank or vessel. Protection shall also be provided to prevent over-pressure from any pump discharging into the tank or vessel when the pump discharge pressure can exceed the design pressure of the tank or vessel.

     (iv) If any tank or pressure vessel has more than one fill or withdrawal connection and simultaneous filling or withdrawal can be made, the vent size shall be based on the maximum anticipated simultaneous flow.

     (v) Unless the vent is designed to limit the internal pressure 2.5 p.s.i. or less, the outlet of vents and vent drains shall be arranged to discharge in such a manner as to prevent localized overheating of any part of the tank in the event vapors from such vents are ignited.

     (vi) Tanks and pressure vessels storing Class IA liquids shall be equipped with venting devices which shall be normally closed except when venting to pressures or vacuum conditions. Tanks and pressure vessels storing Class IB and IC liquids shall be equipped with venting devices which shall be normally closed except when venting under pressure or vacuum conditions, or with approved flame arresters.

Exemption:

Tanks of 3,000 bbls. capacity or less containing crude petroleum in crude-producing areas; and, outside aboveground atmospheric tanks under 1,000 gallons capacity containing other than Class IA flammable liquids may have open vents. (See (2)(f)(ii) of this section.)

     (vii) Flame arresters or venting devices required in (2)(e)(vi) of this section may be omitted for Class IB and IC liquids where conditions are such that their use may, in case of obstruction, result in tank damage.

     (e) Emergency relief venting for fire exposure for aboveground tanks.

     (i) Every aboveground storage tank shall have some form of construction or device that will relieve excessive internal pressure caused by exposure fires.

     (ii) In a vertical tank the construction referred to in (2)(e)(i) of this section may take the form of a floating roof, lifter roof, a weak roof-to-shell seam, or other approved pressure relieving construction. The weak roof-to-shell seam shall be constructed to fail preferential to any other seam.

     (iii) Where entire dependence for emergency relief is placed upon pressure relieving devices, the total venting capacity of both normal and emergency vents shall be enough to prevent rupture of the shell or bottom of the tank if vertical, or of the shell or heads if horizontal. If unstable liquids are stored, the effects of heat or gas resulting from polymerization, decomposition, condensation, or self-reactivity shall be taken into account. The total capacity of both normal and emergency venting devices shall be not less than that derived from Table H-10 except as provided in (2)(e)(v) and (vi) of this section. Such device may be a self-closing manhole cover, or one using long bolts that permit the cover to lift under internal pressure, or an additional or larger relief valve or valves. The wetted area of the tank shall be calculated on the basis of 55 percent of the total exposed area of a sphere or spheroid, 75 percent of the total exposed area of a horizontal tank and the first 30 feet above grade of the exposed shell area of a vertical tank.

TABLE 10

WETTED AREA VERSUS CUBIC FEET

FREE AIR PER HOUR

(14.7 psia and 60°F)

Square feet		CFH		Square feet		CFH		Square feet	CFH
20		21,100		200		211,000		1,000	524,000
30		31,600		250		239,000		1,200	557,000
40		42,100		300		265,000		1,400	587,000
50		52,700		350		288,000		1,600	614,000
60		63,200		400		312,000		1,800	639,000
70		73,700		500		354,000		2,000	662,000
80		84,200		600		392,000		2,400	704,000
90		94,800		700		428,000		2,800	742,000
100		105,000		800		462,000		and
120		126,000		900		493,000		over
140		147,000		1,000		524,000
160		168,000
180		190,000
200		211,000

     (iv) For tanks and storage vessels designed for pressure over 1 p.s.i.g., the total rate of venting shall be determined in accordance with Table H-10, except that when the exposed wetted area of the surface is greater than 2,800 square feet, the total rate of venting shall be calculated by the following formula:

CFH = 1,107A0.82
Where:
CFH =	Venting requirement, in cubic feet of free air per hour.
A =	Exposed wetted surface, in square feet.

Note:

The foregoing formula is based on Q = 21,000A0.82.

     (v) The total emergency relief venting capacity for any specific stable liquid may be determined by the following formula:

Cubic feet of free air per hour = V
V =		1337 L M
V =	Cubic feet of free air per hour from Table H-10.
L =	Latent heat of vaporization of specific liquid in B.t.u. per pound.
M =	Molecular weight of specific liquids.

     (vi) The required airflow rate of (2)(e)(iii) or (v) of this section may be multiplied by the appropriate factor listed in the following schedule when protection is provided as indicated. Only one factor may be used for any one tank.

0.5 for drainage in accordance with (2)(g)(ii) of this section for tanks over 200 square feet of wetted area.

0.3 for approved water spray.

0.3 for approved insulation.

0.15 for approved water spray with approved insulation.

     (vii) The outlet of all vents and vent drains on tanks equipped with emergency venting to permit pressures exceeding 2.5 p.s.i.g. shall be arranged to discharge in such a way as to prevent localized overheating of any part of the tank, in the event vapors from such vents are ignited.

     (viii) Each commercial tank venting device shall have stamped on it the opening pressure, the pressure at which the valve reaches the full open position, and the flow capacity at the latter pressure, expressed in cubic feet per hour of air at 60°F and at a pressure of 14.7 p.s.i.a.

     (ix) The flow capacity of tank venting devices 12 inches and smaller in nominal pipe size shall be determined by actual test of each type and size of vent. These flow tests may be conducted by the manufacturer if certified by a qualified impartial observer, or may be conducted by an outside agency. The flow capacity of tank venting devices larger than 12 inches nominal pipe size, including manhole covers with long bolts or equivalent, may be calculated provided that the opening pressure is actually measured, the rating pressure and corresponding free orifice area are stated, the word "calculated" appears on the nameplate, and the computation is based on a flow coefficient of 0.5 applied to the rated orifice area.

     (f) Vent piping for aboveground tanks.

     (i) Vent piping shall be constructed in accordance with WAC 296-24-33007 of this section.

     (ii) Where vent pipe outlets for tanks storing Class I liquids are adjacent to buildings or public ways, they shall be located so that the vapors are released at a safe point outside of buildings and not less than 12 feet above the adjacent ground level. In order to aid their dispersion, vapors shall be discharged upward or horizontally away from closely adjacent walls. Vent outlets shall be located so that flammable vapors will not be trapped by eaves or other obstructions and shall be at least five feet from building openings.

     (iii) When tank vent piping is manifolded, pipe sizes shall be such as to discharge within the pressure limitations of the system, the vapors they may be required to handle when manifolded tanks are subject to the same fire exposure.

     (g) Drainage, dikes, and walls for aboveground tanks.

     (i) Drainage and diked areas. The area surrounding a tank or a group of tanks shall be provided with drainage as in (2)(g)(ii) of this section, or shall be diked as provided in (2)(g)(iii), to prevent accidental discharge of liquid from endangering adjoining property or reaching waterways.

     (ii) Drainage. Where protection of adjoining property or waterways is by means of a natural or manmade drainage system, such systems shall comply with the following:

     (A) A slope of not less than 1 percent away from the tank toward the drainage system shall be provided.

     (B) The drainage system shall terminate in vacant land or other area or in an impounding basin having a capacity not smaller than that of the largest tank served. This termination area and the route of the drainage system shall be so located that, if the flammable or combustible liquids in the drainage system are ignited, the fire will not seriously expose tanks or adjoining property.

     (C) The drainage system, including automatic drainage pumps, shall not discharge to adjoining property, natural water courses, public sewers, or public drains unless the discharge of flammable or combustible liquids would not constitute a hazard, or the system is so designed that it will not permit flammable or combustible liquids to be released.

     (iii) Diked areas. Where protection of adjoining property or waterways is accomplished by retaining the liquid around the tank by means of a dike, the volume of the diked area shall comply with the following requirements:

     (A) Except as provided in (2)(g)(iii)(B) of this section, the volumetric capacity of the diked area shall not be less than the greatest amount of liquid that can be released from the largest tank within the diked area, assuming a full tank. The capacity of the diked area enclosing more than one tank shall be calculated by deducting the volume of the tanks other than the largest tank below the height of the dike.

     (B) For a tank or group of tanks with fixed roofs containing crude petroleum with boilover characteristics, the volumetric capacity of the diked area shall be not less than the capacity of the largest tank served by the enclosure, assuming a full tank. The capacity of the diked enclosure shall be calculated by deducting the volume below the height of the dike of all tanks within the enclosure.

     (C) Walls of the diked area shall be of earth, steel, concrete or solid masonry designed to be liquidtight and to withstand a full hydrostatic head. Earthen walls 3 feet or more in height shall have a flat section at the top not less than 2 feet wide. The slope of an earthen wall shall be consistent with the angle of repose of the material of which the wall is constructed.

     (D) The walls of the diked area shall be restricted to an average height of 6 feet above interior grade.

     (E) Where provision is made for draining water from diked areas, drainage shall be provided at a uniform slope of not less than 1 percent away from tanks toward a sump, drainbox, or other safe means of disposal located at the greatest practical distance from the tank. Such drains shall normally be controlled in a manner so as to prevent flammable or combustible liquids from entering natural water courses, public sewers, or public drains, if their presence would constitute a hazard. Control of drainage shall be accessible under fire conditions.

     (F) No loose combustible material, empty or full drum or barrel, shall be permitted within the diked area.

     (G) Each diked area containing two or more tanks shall be subdivided preferably by drainage channels or at least by intermediate curbs in order to prevent spills from endangering adjacent tanks within the diked area as follows:

     (I) When storing normally stable liquids in vertical cone roof tanks constructed with weak roof-to-shell seam or approved floating roof tanks or when storing crude petroleum in producing areas in any type of tank, one subdivision for each tank in excess of 10,000 bbls. and one subdivision for each group of tanks (no tank exceeding 10,000 bbls. capacity) having an aggregate capacity not exceeding 15,000 bbls.

     (II) When storing normally stable flammable or combustible liquids in tanks not covered in (g)(iii)(G)(I) of this subsection, one subdivision for each tank in excess of 100,000 gallons (2,500 bbls.) and one subdivision for each group of tanks (no tank exceeding 100,000 gallons capacity) having an aggregate capacity not exceeding 150,000 gallons (3,570 bbls.).

     (III) When storing unstable liquids in any type of tank, one subdivision for each tank except that tanks installed in accordance with the drainage requirements of NFPA 15-1969, Standard for Water Spray Fixed Systems for Fire Protection shall require no additional subdivision.

     (IV) The drainage channels or intermediate curbs shall be located between tanks so as to take full advantage of the available space with due regard for the individual tank capacities. Intermediate curbs, where used, shall be not less than 18 inches in height.

     (h) Tank openings other than vents for aboveground tanks.

     (i) Connections for all tank openings shall be vaportight and liquidtight. Vents are covered in (2)(d) through (f) of this section.

     (ii) Each connection to an aboveground tank through which liquid can normally flow shall be provided with an internal or an external valve located as close as practical to the shell of the tank. Such valves, when external, and their connections to the tank shall be of steel except when the chemical characteristics of the liquid stored are incompatible with steel. When materials other than steel are necessary, they shall be suitable for the pressures, structural stresses, and temperatures involved, including fire exposures.

     (iii) Each connection below the liquid level through which liquid does not normally flow shall be provided with a liquidtight closure. This may be a valve, plug, or blind, or a combination of these.

     (iv) Openings for gaging shall be provided with a vapor tight cap or cover.

     (v) For Class IB and Class IC liquids other than crude oils, gasolines, and asphalts, the fill pipe shall be so designed and installed as to minimize the possibility of generating static electricity. A fill pipe entering the top of a tank shall terminate within 6 inches of the bottom of the tank and shall be installed to avoid excessive vibration.

     (vi) Filling and emptying connections which are made and broken shall be located outside of buildings at a location free from any source of ignition and not less than 5 feet away from any building opening. Such connection shall be closed and liquidtight when not in use. The connection shall be properly identified.

     (3) Installation of underground tanks.

     (a) Location. Excavation for underground storage tanks shall be made with due care to avoid undermining of foundations of existing structures. Underground tanks or tanks under buildings shall be so located with respect to existing building foundations and supports that the loads carried by the latter cannot be transmitted to the tank. The distance from any part of a tank storing Class I liquids to the nearest wall of any basement or pit shall be not less than 1 foot, and to any property line that may be built upon, not less than 3 feet. The distance from any part of a tank storing Class II or Class III liquids to the nearest wall of any basement, pit or property line shall not be less than 1 foot.

     (b) Depth and cover. Underground tanks shall be set on firm foundations and surrounded with at least 6 inches of noncorrosive, inert materials such as clean sand, earth, or gravel well tamped in place. The tank shall be placed in the hole with care since dropping or rolling the tank into the hole can break a weld, puncture or damage the tank, or scrape off the protective coating of coated tanks. Tanks shall be covered with a minimum of 2 feet of earth or shall be covered with not less than 1 foot of earth, on top of which shall be placed a slab of reinforced concrete not less than 4 inches thick. When underground tanks are, or are likely to be, subject to traffic, they shall be protected against damage from vehicles passing over them by at least 3 feet of earth cover, or 18 inches of well-tamped earth, plus 6 inches of reinforced concrete or 8 inches of asphaltic concrete. When asphaltic or reinforced concrete paving is used as part of the protection, it shall extend at least 1 foot horizontally beyond the outline of the tank in all directions.

     (c) Corrosion protection. Corrosion protection for the tank and its piping shall be provided by one or more of the following methods:

     (i) Use of protective coatings or wrappings;

     (ii) Cathodic protection; or,

     (iii) Corrosion resistant materials of construction.

     (d) Vents.

     (i) Location and arrangement of vents for Class I liquids. Vent pipes from tanks storing Class I liquids shall be so located that the discharge point is outside of buildings, higher than the fill pipe opening, and not less than 12 feet above the adjacent ground level. Vent pipes shall discharge only upward in order to disperse vapors. Vent pipes 2 inches or less in nominal inside diameter shall not be obstructed by devices that will cause excessive back pressure. Vent pipe outlets shall be so located that flammable vapors will not enter building openings, or be trapped under eaves or other obstructions. If the vent pipe is less than 10 feet in length, or greater than 2 inches in nominal inside diameter, the outlet shall be provided with a vacuum and pressure relief device or there shall be an approved flame arrester located in the vent line at the outlet or within the approved distance from the outlet.

     (ii) Size of vents. Each tank shall be vented through piping adequate in size to prevent blow-back of vapor or liquid at the fill opening while the tank is being filled. Vent pipes shall be not less than 1 1/4 inch nominal inside diameter.

TABLE H-11


VENT LINE DIAMETERS

Maximum flow      GPM			Pipe length*
			50 feet	100 feet	200 feet
			Inches	Inches	Inches
100	—————		1 1/4	1 1/4	1 1/4
200	—————		1 1/4	1 1/4	1 1/4
300	—————		1 1/4	1 1/4	1 1/2
400	—————		1 1/4	1 1/2	2
500	—————		1 1/2	1 1/2	2
600	—————		1 1/2	2	2
700	—————		2	2	2
800	—————		2	2	3
900	—————		2	2	3
1,000	—————		2	2	3

     * Vent lines of 50 ft., 100 ft., and 200 ft. of pipe plus 7 ells.
     (iii) Location and arrangement of vents for Class II or Class III liquids. Vent pipes from tanks storing Class II or Class III flammable liquids shall terminate outside of the building and higher than the fill pipe opening. Vent outlets shall be above normal snow level. They may be fitted with return bends, coarse screens or other devices to minimize ingress of foreign material.

     (iv) Vent piping shall be constructed in accordance with WAC 296-24-33007. Vent pipes shall be so laid as to drain toward the tank without sags or traps in which liquid can collect. They shall be located so that they will not be subjected to physical damage. The tank end of the vent pipe shall enter the tank through the top.

     (v) When tank vent piping is manifolded, pipe sizes shall be such as to discharge, within the pressure limitations of the system, the vapors they may be required to handle when manifolded tanks are filled simultaneously.

     (e) Tank openings other than vents.

     (i) Connections for all tank openings shall be vapor or liquid tight.

     (ii) Openings for manual gaging, if independent of the fill pipe, shall be provided with a liquid-tight cap or cover. If inside a building, each such opening shall be protected against liquid overflow and possible vapor release by means of a spring-loaded check valve or other approved device.

     (iii) Fill and discharge lines shall enter tanks only through the top. Fill lines shall be sloped toward the tank.

     (iv) For Class IB and Class IC liquids other than crude oils, gasolines, and asphalts, the fill pipe shall be so designed and installed as to minimize the possibility of generating static electricity by terminating within 6 inches of the bottom of the tank.

     (v) Filling and emptying connections which are made and broken shall be located outside of buildings at a location free from any source of ignition and not less than 5 feet away from any building opening. Such connection shall be closed and liquidtight when not in use. The connection shall be properly identified.

     (4) Installation of tanks inside of buildings.

     (a) Location. Tanks shall not be permitted inside of buildings except as provided in WAC 296-24-33011 and 296-24-33015 through 296-24-33019.

     (b) Vents. Vents for tanks inside of buildings shall be as provided in (2)(d),(e),(f)(ii) and (3)(d) of this section, except that emergency venting by the use of weak roof seams on tanks shall not be permitted. Vents shall discharge vapors outside the buildings.

     (c) Vent piping. Vent piping shall be constructed in accordance with WAC 296-24-33007.

     (d) Tank openings other than vents.

     (i) Connections for all tank openings shall be vapor or liquidtight. Vents are covered in (4)(b) of this section.

     (ii) Each connection to a tank inside of buildings through which liquid can normally flow shall be provided with an internal or an external valve located as close as practical to the shell of the tank. Such valves, when external, and their connections to the tank shall be of steel except when the chemical characteristics of the liquid stored are incompatible with steel. When materials other than steel are necessary, they shall be suitable for the pressures, structural stresses, and temperatures involved, including fire exposures.

     (iii) Flammable or combustible liquid tanks located inside of buildings, except in one-story buildings designed and protected for flammable or combustible liquid storage, shall be provided with an automatic-closing heat-actuated valve on each withdrawal connection below the liquid level, except for connections used for emergency disposal, to prevent continued flow in the event of fire in the vicinity of the tank. This function may be incorporated in the valve required in (4)(d)(ii) of this section, and if a separate valve, shall be located adjacent to the valve required in (4)(d)(ii) of this section.

     (iv) Openings for manual gaging, if independent of the fill pipe (see (4)(d)(vi) of this section), shall be provided with a vaportight cap or cover. Each such opening shall be protected against liquid overflow and possible vapor release by means of a spring loaded check valve or other approved device.

     (v) For Class IB and Class IC liquids other than crude oils, gasolines, and asphalts, the fill pipe shall be so designed and installed as to minimize the possibility of generating static electricity by terminating within 6 inches of the bottom of the tank.

     (vi) The fill pipe inside of the tank shall be installed to avoid excessive vibration of the pipe.

     (vii) The inlet of the fill pipe shall be located outside of buildings at a location free from any source of ignition and not less than 5 feet away from any building opening. The inlet of the fill pipe shall be closed and liquidtight when not in use. The fill connection shall be properly identified.

     (viii) Tanks inside buildings shall be equipped with a device, or other means shall be provided, to prevent overflow into the building.

     (5) Supports, foundations, and anchorage for all tank locations.

     (a) General. Tank supports shall be installed on firm foundations. Tank supports shall be of concrete, masonry, or protected steel. Single wood timber supports (not cribbing) laid horizontally may be used for outside aboveground tanks if not more than 12 inches high at their lowest point.

     (b) Fire resistance. Steel supports or exposed piling shall be protected by materials having a fire resistance rating of not less than 2 hours, except that steel saddles need not be protected if less than 12 inches high at their lowest point. Water spray protection or its equivalent may be used in lieu of fire-resistive materials to protect supports.

     (c) Spheres. The design of the supporting structure for tanks such as spheres shall receive special engineering consideration.

     (d) Load distribution. Every tank shall be so supported as to prevent the excessive concentration of loads on the supporting portion of the shell.

     (e) Foundations. Tanks shall rest on the ground or on foundations made of concrete, masonry, piling, or steel. Tank foundations shall be designed to minimize the possibility of uneven settling of the tank and to minimize corrosion in any part of the tank resting on the foundation.

     (f) Flood areas. Where a tank is located in an area that may be subjected to flooding, the applicable precautions outlined in (5)(f) of this section shall be observed.

     (i) No aboveground vertical storage tank containing a flammable or combustible liquid shall be located so that the allowable liquid level within the tank is below the established maximum flood stage, unless the tank is provided with a guiding structure such as described in (5)(f)(xiii), (xiv) and (xv) of this section.

     (ii) Independent water supply facilities shall be provided at locations where there is no ample and dependable public water supply available for loading partially empty tanks with water.

     (iii) In addition to the preceding requirements, each tank so located that more than 70 percent, but less than 100 percent, of its allowable liquid storage capacity will be submerged at the established maximum flood stage, shall be safeguarded by one of the following methods: Tank shall be raised, or its height shall be increased, until its top extends above the maximum flood stage a distance equivalent to 30 percent or more of its allowable liquid storage capacity: Provided, however, That the submerged part of the tank shall not exceed two and one-half times the diameter. Or, as an alternative to the foregoing, adequate noncombustible structural guides, designed to permit the tank to float vertically without loss of product, shall be provided.

     (iv) Each horizontal tank so located that more than 70 percent of its storage capacity will be submerged at the established flood stage, shall be anchored, attached to a foundation of concrete or of steel and concrete, of sufficient weight to provide adequate load for the tank when filled with flammable or combustible liquid and submerged by flood waters to the established flood stage, or adequately secured by other means.

     (v) Spherical and spheroidal tanks shall be protected by applicable methods as specified for either vertical or horizontal tanks.

     (vi) At locations where there is no ample and dependable water supply, or where filling of underground tanks with liquid is impracticable because of the character of their contents, their use, or for other reasons, each tank shall be safeguarded against movement when empty and submerged by high groundwater or flood waters by anchoring, weighting with concrete or other approved solid loading material, or securing by other means. Each such tank shall be so constructed and installed that it will safely resist external pressures due to high groundwater or flood waters.

     (vii) At locations where there is an ample and dependable water supply available, underground tanks containing flammable or combustible liquids, so installed that more than 70 percent of their storage capacity will be submerged at the maximum flood stage, shall be so anchored, weighted, or secured by other means, as to prevent movement of such tanks when filled with flammable or combustible liquids, and submerged by flood waters to the established flood stage.

     (viii) Pipe connections below the allowable liquid level in a tank shall be provided with valves or cocks located as closely as practicable to the tank shell. Such valves and their connections to tanks shall be of steel or other material suitable for use with the liquid being stored. Cast iron shall not be used.

     (ix) At locations where an independent water supply is required, it shall be entirely independent of public power and water supply. Independent source of water shall be available when flood waters reach a level not less than 10 feet below the bottom of the lowest tank on a property.

     (x) The self-contained power and pumping unit shall be so located or so designed that pumping into tanks may be carried on continuously throughout the rise in flood waters from a level 10 feet below the lowest tank to the level of the potential flood stage.

     (xi) Capacity of the pumping unit shall be such that the rate of rise of water in all tanks shall be equivalent to the established potential average rate of rise of flood waters at any stage.

     (xii) Each independent pumping unit shall be tested periodically to insure that it is in satisfactory operating condition.

     (xiii) Structural guides for holding floating tanks above their foundations shall be so designed that there will be no resistance to the free rise of a tank, and shall be constructed of noncombustible material.

     (xiv) The strength of the structure shall be adequate to resist lateral movement of a tank subject to a horizontal force in any direction equivalent to not less than 25 pounds per square foot acting on the projected vertical cross-sectional area of the tank.

     (xv) Where tanks are situated on exposed points or bends in a shoreline where swift currents in flood waters will be present, the structures shall be designed to withstand a unit force of not less than 50 pounds per square foot.

     (xvi) The filling of a tank to be protected by water loading shall be started as soon as flood waters reach a dangerous flood stage. The rate of filling shall be at least equal to the rate of rise of the floodwaters (or the established average potential rate of rise).

     (xvii) Sufficient fuel to operate the water pumps shall be available at all times to insure adequate power to fill all tankage with water.

     (xviii) All valves on connecting pipelines shall be closed and locked in closed position when water loading has been completed.

     (xix) Where structural guides are provided for the protection of floating tanks, all rigid connections between tanks and pipelines shall be disconnected and blanked off or binded before the floodwaters reach the bottom of the tank, unless control valves and their connections to the tank are of a type designed to prevent breakage between the valve and the tank shell.

     (xx) All valves attached to tanks other than those used in connection with water loading operations shall be closed and locked.

     (xxi) If a tank is equipped with a swing line, the swing pipe shall be raised to and secured at its highest position.

     (xxii) Inspections. The director or his/her designated representative shall make periodic inspections of all plants where the storage of flammable or combustible liquids is such as to require compliance with the foregoing requirements, in order to assure the following:

     (A) That all flammable or combustible liquid storage tanks are in compliance with these requirements and so maintained.

     (B) That detailed printed instructions of what to do in flood emergencies are properly posted.

     (C) That station operators and other employees depended upon to carry out such instructions are thoroughly informed as to the location and operation of such valves and other equipment necessary to effect these requirements.

     (g) Earthquake areas. In areas subject to earthquakes, the tank supports and connections shall be designed to resist damage as a result of such shocks.

     (6) Sources of ignition. In locations where flammable vapors may be present, precautions shall be taken to prevent ignition by eliminating or controlling sources of ignition. Sources of ignition may include open flames, lightning, smoking, cutting and welding, hot surfaces, frictional heat, sparks (static, electrical, and mechanical), spontaneous ignition, chemical and physical-chemical reactions, and radiant heat.

     (7) Testing.

     (a) General. All tanks, whether shop built or field erected, shall be strength tested before they are placed in service in accordance with the applicable sections of the code under which they were built. The American Society of Mechanical Engineers (ASME) code stamp. American Petroleum Institute (API) monogram, or the label of the Underwriters' Laboratories, Inc., on a tank shall be evidence of compliance with this strength test. Tanks not marked in accordance with the above codes shall be strength tested before they are placed in service in accordance with good engineering principles and reference shall be made to the sections on testing in the codes listed in (l)(c)(i), (d)(ii) or (e)(ii) of this section.

     (b) Strength. When the vertical length of the fill and vent pipes is such that when filled with liquid the static head imposed upon the bottom of the tank exceeds 10 pounds per square inch, the tank and related piping shall be tested hydrostatically to a pressure equal to the static head thus imposed.

     (c) Tightness. In addition to the strength test called for in (7)(a) and (b), all tanks and connections shall be tested for tightness. Except for underground tanks, this tightness test shall be made at operating pressure with air, inert gas, or water prior to placing the tank in service. In the case of field-erected tanks the strength test may be considered to be the test for tank tightness. Underground tanks and piping, before being covered, enclosed, or placed in use, shall be tested for tightness hydrostatically, or with air pressure at not less than 3 pounds per square inch and not more than 5 pounds per square inch.

     (d) Repairs. All leaks or deformations shall be corrected in an acceptable manner before the tank is placed in service. Mechanical caulking is not permitted for correcting leaks in welded tanks except pinhole leaks in the roof.

     (e) Derated operations. Tanks to be operated at pressures below their design pressure may be tested by the applicable provisions of (7)(a) or (b) based upon the pressure developed under full emergency venting of the tank.



[Statutory Authority: RCW 49.17.010, 49.17.040, 49.17.050, 49.17.060. 06-05-027, § 296-24-33005, filed 2/7/06, effective 4/1/06. Statutory Authority: Chapter 49.17 RCW. 94-15-096 (Order 94-07), § 296-24-33005, filed 7/20/94, effective 9/20/94; 88-23-054 (Order 88-25), § 296-24-33005, filed 11/14/88; Order 76-6, § 296-24-33005, filed 3/1/76; Order 73-5, § 296-24-33005, filed 5/9/73 and Order 73-4, § 296-24-33005, filed 5/7/73.]

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296-24-33007
Piping, valves, and fittings.

  (1) General.

     (a) Design. The design (including selection of materials) fabrication, assembly, test, and inspection of piping systems containing flammable or combustible liquids shall be suitable for the expected working pressures and structural stresses. Conformity with the applicable provisions of Pressure Piping, ANSI B31-1967 series and the provisions of this section, shall be considered prima facie evidence of compliance with the foregoing provisions.

     (b) Exceptions. This section does not apply to any of the following:

     (i) Tubing or casing on any oil or gas wells and any piping connected directly thereto.

     (ii) Motor vehicle, aircraft, boat, or portable or stationary engines.

     (iii) Piping within the scope of any applicable boiler and pressures vessel code.

     (c) Definitions. As used in this section, piping systems consist of pipe, tubing flanges, bolting, gaskets, valves, fittings, the pressure containing parts of other components such as expansion joints and strainers, and devices which serve such purposes as mixing, separating, snubbing, distributing, metering, or controlling flow.

     (2) Materials for piping, valves, and fittings.

     (a) Required materials. Materials for piping, valves, or fittings shall be steel, nodular iron or malleable iron, except as provided in subsections (b), (c) and (d).

     (b) Exceptions. Materials other than steel, nodular iron, or malleable iron may be used underground, or if required by the properties of the flammable or combustible liquid handled. Material other than steel, nodular iron, or malleable iron shall be designed to specifications embodying principles recognized as good engineering practices for the material used.

     (c) Linings. Piping, valves, and fittings may have combustible or noncombustible linings.

     (d) Low-melting materials. When low-melting point materials such as aluminum and brass or materials that soften on fire exposure such as plastics, or nonductile materials such as cast iron, are necessary, special consideration shall be given to their behavior on fire exposure. If such materials are used in aboveground piping systems or inside buildings, they shall be suitably protected against fire exposure or so located that any spill resulting from the failure of these materials could not unduly expose persons, important buildings or structures or can be readily controlled by remote valves.

     (3) Pipe joints. Joints shall be made liquid tight. Welded or screwed joints or approved connectors shall be used. Threaded joints and connections shall be made up tight with a suitable lubricant or piping compound. Pipe joints dependent upon the friction characteristics of combustible materials for mechanical continuity of piping shall not be used inside buildings. They may be used outside of buildings above or below ground. If used aboveground, the piping shall either be secured to prevent disengagement at the fitting or the piping system shall be so designed that any spill resulting from such disengagement could not unduly expose persons, important buildings or structures, and could be readily controlled by remote valves.

     (4) Supports. Piping systems shall be substantially supported and protected against physical damage and excessive stresses arising from settlement, vibration, expansion, or contraction.

     (5) Protection against corrosion. All piping for flammable or combustible liquids, both aboveground and underground, where subject to external corrosion, shall be painted or otherwise protected.

     (6) Valves. Piping systems shall contain a sufficient number of valves to operate the system properly and to protect the plant. Piping systems in connection with pumps shall contain a sufficient number of valves to control properly the flow of liquid in normal operation and in the event of physical damage. Each connection to pipelines, by which equipment such as tankcars or tank vehicles discharge liquids by means of pumps into storage tanks, shall be provided with a check valve for automatic protection against backflow if the piping arrangement is such that backflow from the system is possible.

     (7) Testing. All piping before being covered, enclosed, or placed in use shall be hydrostatically tested to 150 percent of the maximum anticipated pressure of the system, or pneumatically tested to 110 percent of the maximum anticipated pressure of the system, but not less than 5 pounds per square inch gage at the highest point of the system. This test shall be maintained for a sufficient time to complete visual inspection of all joints and connections, but for at least 10 minutes.



[Order 76-6, § 296-24-33007, filed 3/1/76; Order 73-5, § 296-24-33007, filed 5/9/73 and Order 73-4, § 296-24-33007, filed 5/7/73.]

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296-24-33009
Container and portable tank storage.

  (1) Scope.

     (a) General. This section shall apply only to the storage of flammable or combustible liquids in drums or other containers (including flammable aerosols) not exceeding 60 gallons individual capacity and those portable tanks not exceeding 660 gallons individual capacity.

     (b) Exceptions. This section shall not apply to the following:

     (i) Storage of containers in bulk plants, service stations, refineries, chemical plants, and distilleries;

     (ii) Class I or Class II liquids in the fuel tanks of a motor vehicle, aircraft, boat, or portable or stationary engine;

     (iii) Flammable or combustible paints, oils, varnishes, and similar mixtures used for painting or maintenance when not kept for a period in excess of 30 days;

     (iv) Beverages when packaged in individual containers not exceeding 1 gallon in size.

     (2) Design, construction, and capacity of containers.

     (a) General. Only approved containers and portable tanks shall be used. Metal containers and portable tanks meeting the requirements of and containing products authorized by Chapter I, Title 49 of the Code of Federal Regulations - October 1, 1972, (regulations issued by the hazardous materials regulations board, department of transportation), shall be deemed to be acceptable.

     (b) Emergency venting. Each portable tank shall be provided with one or more devices installed in the top with sufficient emergency venting capacity to limit internal pressure under fire exposure conditions to 10 p.s.i.g., or 30 percent of the bursting pressure of the tank, whichever is greater. The total venting capacity shall be not less than that specified in WAC 296-24-33005 (2)(e)(iii) or (v). At least one pressure-actuated vent having a minimum capacity of 6,000 cubic feet of free air (14.7 p.s.i.a. and 60°F) shall be used. It shall be set to open at not less than 5 p.s.i.g. If fusible vents are used, they shall be actuated by elements that operate at a temperature not exceeding 300°F.

Container Type

Flammable liquids

Combustible Liquids

Class IA

Class IB

Class IC

Class II

&

Class III

Glass or approved plastic ————–

1 pt.

1 qu.

1 gal.

1 gal.

1 gal.

Metal (other than DOTdrums) ——–

1 gal.

5 gal.

5 gal.

5 gal.

5 gal.

Safety cans ———

2 gal.

5 gal.

5 gal.

5 gal.

5 gal.

Metal drums (DOT spec.) ————––

60 gal.

60 gal.

60 gal.

60 gal.

60 gal.

Approved portable tanks —————

660 gal.

660 gal.

660 gal.

660 gal.

660 gal.

     Container exemptions:

     (i) Medicines, beverages, foodstuffs, cosmetics and other common consumer items, when packaged according to commonly accepted practices, shall be exempt from the requirements of (4)(a) and (b) of this section.

     (c) Size. Flammable and combustible liquid containers shall be in accordance with Table H-12, except that glass or plastic containers of no more than 1-gallon capacity may be used for a Class IA or IB flammable liquid if:

     (i) Such liquid either would be rendered unfit for its intended use by contact with metal or would excessively corrode a metal container so as to create a leakage hazard; and

     (ii) The user's process either would require more than 1 pint of Class IA liquid or more than 1 quart of a Class IB liquid of a single assay lot to be used at one time, or would require the maintenance of an analytical standard liquid of a quality which is not met by the specified standards of liquids available, and the quantity of the analytical standard liquid required to be used in any one control process exceeds one-sixteenth the capacity of the container allowed under Table H-12 for the class of liquid; or

     (iii) The containers are intended for direct export outside the United States.

     (3) Design, construction, and capacity of storage cabinets.

     (a) Maximum capacity. Not more than 60 gallons of Class I or Class II liquids, nor more than 120 gallons of Class III liquids may be stored in a storage cabinet.

     (b) Fire resistance. Storage cabinets shall be designed and constructed to limit the internal temperature to not more than 325°F when subjected to a 10-minute fire test using the standard time-temperature curve as set forth in Standard Methods of Fire Tests of Building Construction and Materials, NFPA 251-1969. All joints and seams shall remain tight and the door shall remain securely closed during the fire test. Cabinets shall be labeled "Flammable -- Keep fire away."

     (i) Metal cabinets constructed in the following manner shall be deemed to be in compliance. The bottom, top, door, and sides of cabinet shall be at least No. 18 gage sheet iron and double walled with 1 1/2-inch air space. Joints shall be riveted, welded or made tight by some equally effective means. The door shall be provided with a three-point lock, and the door sill shall be raised at least 2 inches above the bottom of the cabinet.

     (ii) Wooden cabinets constructed in the following manner shall be deemed in compliance. The bottom, sides, and top shall be constructed of an approved grade of plywood at least 1 inch in thickness, which shall not break down or delaminate under fire conditions. All joints shall be rabbetted and shall be fastened in two directions with flathead woodscrews. When more than one door is used, there shall be a rabbetted overlap of not less than 1 inch. Hinges shall be mounted in such a manner as not to lose their holding capacity due to loosening or burning out of the screws when subjected to the fire test.

     (4) Design and construction of inside storage rooms.

     (a) Construction. Inside storage rooms shall be constructed to meet the required fire-resistive rating for their use. Such construction shall comply with the test specifications set forth in Standard Methods of Fire Tests of Building Construction and Materials, NFPA 251-1969. Where an automatic sprinkler system is provided, the system shall be designed and installed in an acceptable manner. Openings to other rooms or buildings shall be provided with noncombustible liquid-tight raised sills or ramps at least 4 inches in height, or the floor in the storage area shall be at least 4 inches below the surrounding floor. Openings shall be provided with approved self-closing fire doors. The room shall be liquid tight where the walls join the floor. A permissible alternate to the sill or ramp is an open-grated trench inside of the room which drains to a safe location. Where other portions of the building or other properties are exposed, windows shall be protected as set forth in the Standard for Fire Doors and Windows, NFPA No. 80-1968, for Class E or F openings. Wood at least 1 inch nominal thickness may be used for shelving, racks, dunnage, scuffboards, floor overlay, and similar installations.

     (b) Rating and capacity. Storage in inside storage rooms shall comply with Table H-13.

Fire protection* provided		Fire resistance	Maximum size	Total allowable quantities (gals./sq. Ft./floor area)
Yes —————–		2 hours —————	500 sq.ft. ————————		10
No —————–		2 hours —————	500 sq.ft. ————————		4
Yes —————–		1 hour —————–	150 sq.ft. ————————		5
No —————–		1 hour —————–	150 sq.ft. ————————		2
*	Fire protection system shall be sprinkler, water spray, carbon dioxide, or other system.

     (c) Wiring. Electrical wiring and equipment within inside storage rooms used to store Class I liquids shall comply with the provisions of chapter 296-24 WAC Part L for Class I, Division 2 locations. For inside storage rooms used to store Class II and III liquids the pertinent provisions chapter 296-24 WAC Part L apply.

     (d) Ventilation. Every inside storage room shall be provided with either a gravity or a mechanical exhaust ventilation system. Such system shall be designed to provide for a complete change of air within the room at least six times per hour. If a mechanical exhaust system is used, it shall be controlled by a switch located outside of the door. The ventilating equipment and any lighting fixtures shall be operated by the same switch. A pilot light shall be installed adjacent to the switch if Class I flammable liquids are dispensed within the room. Where gravity ventilation is provided, the fresh air intake, as well as the exhaust outlet from the room, shall be on the exterior of the building in which the room is located.

     (e) Storage in inside storage rooms. In every inside storage room there shall be maintained one clear aisle at least 3 feet wide. Containers over 30 gallons capacity shall not be stacked one upon the other. Dispensing shall be by approved pump or self-closing faucet only.

     (5) Storage inside building.

     (a) Egress. Flammable or combustible liquids, including stock for sale, shall not be stored so as to limit use of exits, stairways, or areas normally used for the safe egress of people.

     (b) Containers. The storage of flammable or combustible liquids in containers or portable tanks shall comply with (4)(c) through (e) of this section.

     (c) Office occupancies. Storage shall be prohibited except that which is required for maintenance and operation of building and operation of equipment. Such storage shall be kept in closed metal containers stored in a storage cabinet or in safety cans or in an inside storage room not having a door that opens into that portion of the building used by the public.

     (d) Mercantile occupancies and other retail stores.

     (i) In rooms or areas accessible to the public, storage shall be limited to quantities needed for display and normal merchandising purposes but shall not exceed 2 gallons per square foot of gross floor area. The gross floor area used for computing the maximum quantity permitted shall be considered as that portion of the store actually being used for merchandising flammable and combustible liquids.

     (ii) Where the aggregate quantity of additional stock exceeds 60 gallons of Class IA, or 120 gallons of Class IB, or 180 gallons of Class IC, or 240 gallons of Class II, or 500 gallons of Class III liquids, or any combination of Class I and Class II liquids exceeding 240 gallons, it shall be stored in a room or portion of the building that complies with the construction provisions for an inside storage room as prescribed in (4) of this section. For water miscible liquids, these quantities may be doubled.

     (iii) Containers in a display area shall not be stacked more than 3 feet or two containers high, whichever is the greater, unless the stacking is done on fixed shelving or is otherwise satisfactorily secured.

     (iv) Shelving shall be of stable construction, of sufficient depth and arrangement such that containers displayed thereon shall not be easily displaced.

     (v) Leaking containers shall be removed to a storage room or taken to a safe location outside the building and the contents transferred to an undamaged container.

     (e) General purpose public warehouses. Storage shall be in accordance with Table H-14 or H-15 and in buildings or in portions of such buildings cut off by standard firewalls. Material creating no fire exposure hazard to the flammable or combustible liquids may be stored in the same area.

Class liquid	Storage level	Protected storage maximum per pile		Unprotected storage maximum per pile
		Gal.	Ht.	Gal.	Ht.
IA ——	Ground and upper floors ——————	2,750	3 ft.	660	3 ft.
		(50)	(1)	(12)	(1)
	Basement —————	Not permitted		Not permitted
IB ——	Ground and upper floors ——————	5,500	6 ft.	1,375	3 ft.
		(100)	(2)	(25)	(1)
	Basement —————	Not permitted		Not permitted
IC ——	Ground and upper floors ——————	16,500	6 ft	4,125	3 ft.
		(300)	(2)	(75)	(1)
	Basement —————	Not permitted		Not permitted
II ——–	Ground and upper floors ——————	16,500	9 ft.	4,125	9 ft.
		(300)	(3)	(75)	(3)
	Basement —————	5,500 (100)	9 ft. (3)	Not permitted
III ——	Ground and upper floors ——————	55,000	15 ft.	13,750	12 ft.
		(1,000)	(5)	(250)	(4)
	Basement —————	8,250 (450)	9 ft. (3)	Not permitted

Note 1:	When 2 or more classes of materials are stored in a single pile, the maximum gallonage permitted in that pile shall be the smallest of the 2 or more separate maximum gallonages.
Note 2:	Aisles shall be provided so that no container is more than 12 ft. from an aisle. Main aisles shall be at least 8 ft. wide and side aisles at least 4 ft. wide.
	(Numbers in parentheses indicate corresponding number of 55-gal. drums.)
Note 3:	Each pile shall be separated from each other by at least 4 ft.

Class liquid	Storage level		Protected storage maximum per pile			Unprotected storage maximum per pile
			Gal.	Ht.			Gal.	Ht.
IA ——	Ground and upper floors ————		Not permitted			Not permitted
	Basement —————–		Not permitted			Not permitted
IB ——	Ground and upper floors ————		20,000	7ft.			2,000	7 ft.
	Basement —————–		Not permitted			Not permitted
IC ——	Ground and upper floors ————		40,000	14 ft			5,500	7 ft.
	Basement —————–		Not permitted			Not permitted
II ——–	Ground and upper floors ————		40,000	14 ft.			5,500	7 ft.
	Basement —————–		20,000	7 ft.		Not permitted
III ——	Ground and upper floors ————		60,000	14 ft.			22,000	7 ft.
	Basement —————–		20,000	7 ft.		Not permitted

Note 1:	When 2 or more classes of materials are stored in a single pile, the maximum gallonage permitted in that pile shall be the smallest of the 2 or more separate maximum gallonages.
Note 2:	Aisles shall be provided so that no portable tank is more than 12 ft. from an aisle. Main aisles shall be at least 8 ft. wide and side aisles at least 4 ft. wide.
Note 3:	Each pile shall be separated from each other by at least 4 ft.

     (f) Flammable and combustible liquid warehouses or storage buildings.

     (i) If the storage building is located 50 feet or less from a building or line of adjoining property that may be built upon, the exposing wall shall be a blank wall having a fire-resistance rating of at least 2 hours.

     (ii) The total quantity of liquids within a building shall not be restricted, but the arrangement of storage shall comply with Table H-14 or H-15.

     (iii) Containers in piles shall be separated by pallets or dunnage where necessary to provide stability and to prevent excessive stress on container walls.

     (iv) Portable tanks stored over one tier high shall be designed to nest securely, without dunnage and adequate materials handling equipment shall be available to handle tanks safely at the upper tier level.

     (v) No pile shall be closer than 3 feet to the nearest beam, chord, girder, or other obstruction, and shall be 3 feet below sprinkler deflectors or discharge orifices of water spray, or other overhead fire protection systems.

     (vi) Aisles of at least 3 feet wide shall be provided where necessary for reasons of access to doors, windows or standpipe connections.

     (6) Storage outside buildings.

     (a) General. Storage outside buildings shall be in accordance with Table H-16 or H-17, and (6)(b) and (d) of this section.

1 Class		2 Maximum per pile (see note 1)	3 Distance between piles (see note 2)		4 Distance to property line that can be built upon (see notes 3 & 4)		5 Distance to street, alley, public way (see note 4)
		gal.	ft.		ft.		ft.
IA ——————		1,100	5		20		10
IB ——————		2,200	5		20		10
IC ——————		4,400	5		20		10
II ——————–		8,800	5		10		5
III ——————		22,000	5		10		5

Note 1:	When 2 or more classes of materials are stored in a single pile, the maximum gallonage in that pile shall be the smallest of the 2 or more separate gallonages.
Note 2:	Within 200 ft. of each container, there shall be 12-ft. wide access way to permit approach of fire control apparatus.
Note 3:	The distances listed apply to properties that have protection for exposures as defined. If there are exposures, and such protection for exposures does not exist, the distances in column 4 shall be doubled.
Note 4:	When total quantity stored does not exceed 50 percent of maximum per pile, the distances in columns 4 and 5 may be reduced 50 percent, but not less than 3 ft.

     (b) Maximum storage. A maximum of 1,100 gallons of flammable or combustible liquids may be located adjacent to buildings located on the same premises and under the same management provided the provisions of (6)(b)(i) and (ii) are complied with.

     (i) The building shall be a one-story building devoted principally to the handling and storing of flammable or combustible liquids or the building shall have 2 hour fire-resistive exterior walls having no opening within 10 feet of such storage.

     (ii) Where quantity stored exceeds 1,100 gallons, or provisions of (6)(b)(i) cannot be met, a minimum distance of 10 feet between buildings and nearest container of flammable or combustible liquid shall be maintained.

1 Class		2 Maximum per pile	3 Distance between piles	4 Distance to property line that can be built upon	5 Distance to street, alley, public way
		gal.	ft.	ft.	ft.
IA ——————–		2,200	5	20	10
IB ——————–		4,400	5	20	10
IC ——————–		8,800	5	20	10
II ——————–		17,600	5	10	5
III ——————–		44,000	5	10	5

Note 1:	When 2 or more classes of materials are stored in a single pile, the maximum gallonage in that pile shall be the smallest of the 2 or more separate gallonages.
Note 2:	Within 200 ft. of each portable tank, there shall be a 12-ft. wide access way to permit approach of fire control apparatus.
Note 3:	The distances listed apply to properties that have protection for exposures as defined. If there are exposures, and such protection for exposures does not exist, the distances in column 4 shall be doubled.
Note 4:	When total quantity stored does not exceed 50 percent of maximum per pile, the distances in columns 4 and 5 may be reduced 50 percent, but not less than 3 ft.

     (c) Spill containment. The storage area shall be graded in a manner to divert possible spills away from buildings or other exposures or shall be surroun